The Nervous System AP Biology
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1 The Nervous System AP Biology
2 Overview The Nervous System controls and coordinates all the functions of the body. The Nervous System consists of two main sub-divisions: Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two sub-divisions: Somatic- voluntary Autonomic- involuntary Regents Biology
3 Regents Biology
4 Structure and Function of the Neuron Neuron is the scientific name for a Nerve Cell. Neurons consist of 3 basic structures: Cyton, or cell body. Dendrites- receive messages, impulses, and send them to the cell body. Axons- send messages away from the cell body. Nerve impulses travel from one neuron to another across synapses, or spaces in between the cells. The jumping across the synapse is facilitated (helped) by chemicals called Neurotransmitters. Regents Biology
5 Parts of the Cell Dendrites Branched parts of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons. Cyton- Contains cytoplasm and the nucleus. Impulses pass through here to the axon. Axon- Single long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body. A Neuron Regents Biology
6 Regents Biology
7 Regents Biology
8 Myelin coating signal direction Axon coated with insulation made of myelin cells speeds signal signal hops from node to node 330 mph vs. 11 mph myelin coating Multiple Sclerosis immune system (T cells) attacks myelin coating loss of signal Regents Biology
9 Synapse Junction between nerve cells 1st cell releases chemical to trigger next cell where drugs affect nervous system synapse Regents Biology
10 Types of Neurons Neurons can also be classified by the direction that they send information: Sensory (or afferent) neurons: send information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) TOWARD the central nervous system. Motor (or efferent) neurons: send information AWAY from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. Interneurons: send information BETWEEN sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most interneurons are located in the central nervous system. Regents Biology
11 Reflexes Stimulus- a change in the environment. Response/Reactionhow the body reacts to a stimulus. Reflex Arc- the pathway that an impulse follows to illicit a response to a stimulus. Regents Biology
12 Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Regents Biology
13 Protections 1. Skull and Vertebrae 2. 3 protective layers called meninges 3. Dura Mater (outer layer): consists of connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves. 4. Arachnoid Layer (middle layer): elastic and weblike 5. Pia Mater (inner layer): contains nerves and blood vessels. 6. Cerebrospinal fluid a clear watery liquid separates the middle and inner layers Acts as shock absorber exchange of nutrients between blood and nervous system Regents Biology
14 The Brain Coordinates body activities Made up of approximately 100 billion neurons Uses 20% of bodies oxygen and energy Divided into three major parts- the Cerebrum the Cerebellum the Brain Stem (Medulla Oblongata, Pons) Regents Biology
15 Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Thinking Memory is stored Movements are controlled Impulses from the senses are interpreted. Regents Biology
16 Cerebrum specialization Regions specialized for different functions Lobes frontal parietal frontal speech, control of emotions temporal smell, hearing occipital vision parietal speech, taste reading temporal occipital Regents Biology
17 Brain Tumor Surgery Regents Biology
18 Sub-Arachnoid Cyst Removal Regents Biology
19 Subdural Hematoma Regents Biology
20 Gray Matter vs. White Matter Gray Matter Absence of myelin in masses of neurons accounts for the gray matter of the brain Cerebral Cortex White Matter - Myelinated neurons gives neurons a white appearance inner layer of cerebrum Regents Biology
21 Regents Biology
22 Cerebellum Responsible for the coordination of muscles and is the center of balance Regents Biology
23 Regents Biology
24 Regents Biology
25 Medulla Center of heart beat, respiration, and other involuntary actions Regents Biology
26 Other Structures inside the Brain Thalamus receives messages from sensory receptors; relays information to proper regions of cerebrum Hypothalamus - Regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, etc Control of pituitary for endocrine function Regents Biology
27 Section 35-3 Cerebrum Thalamus Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Regents Biology
28 The Spinal Cord Extension of the brain stem Bundles of neurons that carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all parts of your body Regents Biology
29 The Peripheral Nervous System Your brain and Somatic spinal cord and are connected Autonomic to Systems the rest of The your body peripheral by the nervous peripheral system has nervous two major system. divisions. The PNS is somatic made up of system 12 pairs of controls nerves from voluntary your brain actions. It called is made up cranial of the nerves, cranial and and spinal 31 pairs nerves from that your go from spinal the cord central called spinal nervous nerves. system to Spinal your nerves skeletal are made muscles. up of bundles The of sensory autonomic and system motor neurons controls bound involuntary together actionsthose not by connective tissue. under For this conscious Research reason, controlsuch the as a Visit single Glencoe spinal your heart Science nerve rate, can Web have breathing, site at tx.science. impulses digestion, glencoe.co going and to m glandular for from more information the functions. brain about the These same the two nervous time. divisions, Some system. nerves along with Make contain the central a brochure only nervous outlining sensory system, recent neurons, make up medical and your some advances. contain body's only nervous motor neurons, system. but most nerves contain both types of neurons. Regents Biology
30 Peripheral Nervous System Connects body to brain & spinal cord 12 pairs of nerves from your brain (cranial nerves) 31 pairs from your spinal cord (spinal nerves) Bundles of sensory and motor neurons held together by connective tissue Two divisions Somatic Autonomic Regents Biology
31 Regents Biology
32 Divisions of the PNS: Somatic Nervous System Controls voluntary actions Made up of the cranial and spinal nerves that go from the central nervous system to your skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System Controls involuntary actions-those not under conscious control-such as your heart rate, breathing, digestion, and glandular functions Regents Biology
33 Drugs and the Nervous System Drug any substance, other than food that changes the structure or function of the body Legal Illegal Regents Biology
34 Commonly Abused Drugs Section 35-5 Drug Type Medical Use Examples Effects on the body Stimulants Used to increase alertness, relieve fatigue Amphetamines Increase heart and respiratory rates; elevate blood pressure; dilate pupils; decrease appetite Depressants Used to relieve anxiety, irritability, tension Barbiturates Tranquilizers Slow down the actions of the central nervous system; small amounts cause calmness and relaxation; larger amounts cause slurred speech and impaired judgement Opiates Used to relieve pain Morphine Codeine Act as a depressant; cause drowsiness, restlessness, nausea Regents Biology
35 1. Stimulants Increase Heart rate Blood pressure Breathing Release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain Deplete neurotransmitters and lead to: Fatigue Circulatory problems Hallucinations Depression Regents Biology
36 2. Depressants Decrease Heart rate Breathing rate Blood pressure Relax muscles Relieve tension Enhances release of neurotransmitters that prevent nerves cells from firing Alcohol with depressants can lead to death depresses CNS to a point one stops breathing Regents Biology
37 3. Opiates Mimics endorphins Endorphin natural chemical in brain that helps overcome pain When person stops taking Brain has adjusted to high levels of endorphins Cannot produce enough natural endorphins Suffer uncontrollable pain and sickness Regents Biology
38 4. Cocaine Sudden release of Dopamine Powerful Stimulant Increases heart rate and blood pressure First time users can have heart attack Dopamine neurotransmitter in brain that is released to give feeling of pleasure and satisfaction Regents Biology
39 5. Marijuana Active ingredient (THC) tetrahydrocannabinol More destructive to lungs than cigarettes 5 marijuana cigs = 120 conventional cigs Results in: Lower WBC count by 40% - susceptible to infections Teens inhibits maturity Retards normal brain growth Memory loss Inability to concentrate Fall short on memory as well as math and verbal skills Males reduced testosterone levels and increases estrogen levels Females disturbs menstrual cycle DNA damage to eggs Regents Biology
40 More Effects (FYI) Impaired perception Loss of coordination Increased risk of accidents Impaired judgement Loss of motivation Diminished inhibitions Increased heart rate Anxiety, panic attacks, and paranoia Hallucinations Damage to the respiratory, reproductive, and immune systems Increased risk of CANCER Psychological dependency Regents Biology
41 6. Alcohol Depressant Slows down CNS 40% of 50,000 highway deaths are caused by drinking and driving 1/3 of homocides attributed to effects of alcohol $150 billion dollars of U.S. economy alcohol abuse treatment Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Drinking while pregnant Heart defects, malformed faces, delayed growth, poor motor development Regents Biology
42 Alcohol and Disease Long-term alcohol use or bouts of excessive consumption Destroys liver cells Cirrhosis of liver formation of scar tissue that prevents blood flow through liver Regents Biology
43 Drug Abuse Intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes Addiction uncontrollable dependence on a drug Regents Biology
44 Only Way to Prevent Addiction and Effects of Drugs NOT taking them to begin with Regents Biology
45 Diseases, Conditions, and Syndromes of the Nervous System Regents Biology
46 Stroke Occurs when there is not enough oxygen going to the brain. Regents Biology
47 Autism Overview Autism is a developmental disorder that appears in the first 3 years of life, and affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. Symptoms Most parents of autistic children suspect that something is wrong by the time the child is 18 months old and seek help by the time the child is age 2. Children with autism typically have difficulties in: Pretend play Social interactions Verbal and nonverbal communication Some children with autism appear normal before age 1 or 2 and then suddenly "regress" and lose language or social skills they had previously gained. This is called the regressive type of autism. People with autism may: Be overly sensitive in sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste (for example, they may refuse to wear "itchy" clothes and become distressed if they are forced to wear the clothes) Have unusual distress when routines are changed Perform repeated body movements Show unusual attachments to objects Regents Biology
48 Polio Viral disease of the central nervous system that can cause paralysis. Regents Biology
49 Meningitis Is an inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Disease is caused by bacteria, or a virus. Symptoms Very bad headache Regents Biology
50 Cerebral Palsy Congenital disease (born with) Disturbance of motor functions Regents Biology
51 Herniated Disk Disk in vertebra moves up against the spinal nerves. Very painful Regents Biology
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