Lecture #3: Plan. (Scientific Method) Constellations Celestial Sphere Diurnal Motion Celestial Coordinates Ecliptic Equinoxes & Soltices
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1 Lecture #3: Plan (Scientific Method) Constellations Celestial Sphere Diurnal Motion Celestial Coordinates Ecliptic Equinoxes & Soltices v Seasons v Phases of the Moon v Eclipses
2 Scientific Method Propose a hypothesis Test the hypothesis by experiment Accept or turn down hypothesis based on results of experiment Scientific Debate!
3 Scientific Method (Example) Propose a hypothesis: the Earth is flat - Rapper Booby Ray Simmons a.k.a B.o.B., Twitter, Jan 2016 & Flat Earth Society ( Test the hypothesis by experiment: Appearance of a large ship moving away on calm ocean? Aristotle: A traveler who moves south will see stars that were previously hidden below the southern horizon Aristotle: Shape of Earth s shadow on the Moon during lunar eclipse Modern experiment: Picture of Earth taken from the Moon (Apollo mission) or satellites Accept or turn down hypothesis based on results of experiment Rejected!
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5 Constellations Fixed pattern of stars No physical association
6 Constellations
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8 Finding the North Star Find the two stars that make up the end of the bowl in the Big Dipper An imaginary line drawn between the two will lead you right to Polaris!
9 Finding the North Star
10 Celestial Sphere Sun, Moon, stars mounted on a sphere that surrounds the Earth Model of the heavens No physical reality
11 Diurnal (daily) Motion Rising and setting of Sun, Moon, stars as viewed from Earth Rotating celestial sphere Celestial poles: the points around which the stars appear to rotate Celestial equator: an extension of the Earth s equator onto the celestial sphere Circumpolar star!
12 Celestial Coordinates On Earth Latitude: measured with respect to Earth s equator Longitude: measured eastward along the Earth s equator On the sky: Declination: measured with respect to celestial equator Right Ascension: measured eastward along celestial equator
13 Annual Motion of Sun Observe: stars and constellations visible near Sun before sunrise and after sunset change during the year Conclude: Sun shifts its position on celestial sphere with respect to fixed background stars during the year. This motion repeats year after year Ecliptic = Sun s path on celestial sphere = Orbital plane of the Earth around the Sun
14 Solstices & Equinoxes Observe: Sun s path across sky changes during year; high in summer, low in winter
15 Solstices & Equinoxes Equinoxes: Approximately equal length of day and night Mark beginning of spring and autumn (around March 21, September 21) Sunrise due east, sunset due west Solstices Mark beginning of summer and winter (around June 21, December 21) Sunrise (sunset) farthest north along horizon at June solstice Sunrise (sunset) farthest south along horizon at December solstice
16 Seasons Origin: Earth s rotation axis is tilted by about 23.5 o to its orbit around the Sun
17 Effects: 1. In Summer, the Sun spends more time above the horizon days are longer, resulting in more heating
18 Effects: 1. In Summer, the Sun spends more time above the horizon days are longer, resulting in more heating 2. In Summer, light from the Sun strikes the ground more directly Summers are therefore warmer than winters!
19 The seasons are not due to the Earth getting closer or further from the Sun
20 Observe: Moon s position shifts eastward with respect to stars, path lies near ecliptic (5 o tilt) As Moon orbits Earth, a person on Earth sees different parts of Sunilluminated half of Moon One complete cycle of phases is about 30 days origin of month as unit of time Phases of the Moon
21 Phases of the Moon the Big Picture
22 Solar Eclipses At New Moon, the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun. Sometimes the alignment is just right, allowing the Moon to block the light from the Sun, creating an eclipse
23 Solar Eclipses Romania, August 11, 1999
24 Regions of visible total eclipses
25 Lunar Eclipses As the Moon passes behind the Earth, the Earth can cast a shadow on the surface of the Moon, creating a lunar eclipse
26 Why don t eclipses happen all of the time? Answer: The Moon orbital plane around the Earth is tilted by 5 o from the ecliptic
27 Everything Must be Just Right! For an eclipse to occur, the Moon must be crossing the ecliptic at the same time it passes either in front of (solar eclipse) or behind (lunar eclipse) the Earth (B&D). Otherwise, no eclipses are possible (A&C) At least two solar and two lunar eclipses must happen each year (but may be only partial/annular eclipses rather than total eclipses)
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