Shadow vs. Horizon Archaeoastronomy
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1 Shadow vs. Horizon Archaeoastronomy R. T. Bailey NASS 2003 Banff
2 Ages in Astronomy: Prehistoric Archaeoastronomy Model? Flat earth Point of reference: Horizon, 2 D, megalithic Observations? Sun, moon, planets and stars Sun: Solstice, equinox, seasons Moon: month, phases, eclipses Stars: constellations, zodiac, heliacal rising Planets: Characteristics and Periodicy Time Concept? Year, seasons. month, day Mathematics? Arithmetic, counting Big Question: Will the sun return?
3 Ages: Ancient History Model? Ptolemy - geocentric spherical, 3 D Armillary sphere, round earth, geocentric universe Point of Reference: Shadow astronomy Hours, latitude, size of earth Observations? Sun, moon, planets and stars Sun: Solstice, equinox, seasons, solar year Moon: month, phases, eclipses Stars: constellations, zodiac,heliacal risings, precession Planets: Cycles and epicycles Time Concept? Sidereal vs solar year, hours Mathematics? Geometry, circles and spheres Big Question: Prediction of planets
4 Ages : Renaissance Model? Copernican solar centric Observations? Telescopic Sun: Sunspots Moon: mountains, craters Stars: proper motion, galaxies Planets: orbits, new planets, moons of Jupiter Time Concept? Hours and minutes Mathematics? Trig, calculus, and ellipses Big Question: Longitude
5 Age of Revolution Model? Solar centric, 3D, mechanical clockwork universe Observations? Telescopic, instrumental Stars: proper motion, Planets: New planets, moons, asteroids, life? Time Concept? Chronometer time, seconds Mathematics? Anomalies predict planets Big Question: Precise size of earth and the universe, life on Mars?
6 Modern Age of Astronomy Model? Cosmological Observations? Multi spectral, galactic Stars: galaxies, moon: been there, done that Planets: exploration of geology and biology, Time Concept? picoseconds Mathematics? quantum, atomic, relativistic Big Question: How did the universe begin?
7 New Age Astrology Model? Celestial events affect people Point of Reference: Birth date, zodiac, magic crystals, energy vortex Observations? Ecliptic: sun, moon, planets Sun: Solstice, equinox, seasons Moon: month, phases, eclipses Planets: personality characteristics Time Concept? Zodiac Big Question: What is your sign? Non science to science to nonsense
8 Shadow Astronomy and Sundials Winter Solstice Equinox Summer Solstice A shadow can display the fundamentals of astronomy, our place in the universe. Shadow projects solar positions in 3D celestial sphere onto a 2D plane. Shadow angles show daily rotation of the earth as time. Minimum shadow length shows annual cycle, solstice through equinox to solstice.
9 Cogito, Ergo Sum The unique ability of humans to think is the basis of civilization and the development of cultures Cycle of cultural development: Observation Concept: Explanation, model, story, myth, Prediction: Code, ceremony, celebration Confirmation reinforcement, empowerment This is a universal cross cultural phenomenon
10 Knowledge is Power Predictions prove the concept Predictor is empowered Concept becomes a Credo, a code of culture Civilization evolves based on Three Estates Bellators: Nobility, Kings, War Lords, Land Owners Orators: Clergy, Prophets, Wise Men, Priests, Shamans Laborators: Commoners, workers, serfs, soldiers Cycle starts with observations and explanations Observation sites are evidence of Civilization
11 Horizon Archaeoastronomy Observations need a point of reference Two dimensional Horizon markers Orientation Lines Standing Stones Megalithic structures Burrows, tumulus Rising/setting phenomenon Solar: year and seasons Solstices, equinox
12 Winter Solstice The energy from the sun is the basis for life The First Big Question for Civilization When will the sun stop sinking and start to return with life giving light and heat? Need to predict, mark, and confirm the solstice Ceremonies to cause and to celebrate the return of the sun
13 Winter Solstice Celebrations Common Theme: Light, salvation, rebirth, renewal Saturnalia -Sol Invictus - 25 December Christmas Birth of Messiah 25 December Pre-Christian Christmas tree, Yule log, red & green, mistletoe New Years Day Hanukkah renewal - Lighting the Menorah Santa Lucia Crown of Candles Guy Fawkes Day Bonfires predate Gunpowder Plot
14 Stonehenge Summer Solstice Sunrise
15 Summer Solstice Summer solstice sunrise is corresponding bearing from winter solstice sunset Marks the longest day, shortest night Significant calendar point in many cultures Many archaeoastronomy sites like Stonehenge mark summer solstice sunrise or set Time of celebration and revelry Shakespeare's Midsummer s Night Dream
16 Heliacal Rising of Stars Stars always rise at the same point on the horizon Time of rising increases through the year Day of first observation just before sunrise is a useful date mark Heliacal rising of Sirius marked the time of Nile flooding for early Egyptians Heliacal Rising of Star of Bethlehem We have seen his star in the East (on Rising)
17 Equinox Phenomenon Sun rises due east and sets due west Solar declination is zero Time of greatest daily change in declination Two markers on E/W axis can determine the equinox Shadow path through the day is a straight line Equinox is not Equal Day, the time interval from crack of dawn to last ray of sunset Mayan Feathered Serpent Descending on Equinox
18 Kukulcan Equinox Shadows
19 Equinox 4:45 PM
20 Equinox 5:00 PM
21 Equinox 5:15 PM
22 Equinox 5:30 PM
23 Equinox 5:45 PM
24 Medicine Wheels of the Western Plains -Medicine Wheels in Alberta -Ancient Aboriginal Stone Alignments -Solar alignments? Majorville Medicine Wheel -Stellar alignments? Moose Mountain Sask Bighorn Mountain, Wyoming
25 Majorville Medicine Wheel Central cairn Wheel with 28 spokes On bluff with horizon sight lines Nearby sites and markers Archaeological Survey of Alberta
26 Summer Solstice Sunrise Winter Solstice Sunset Majorville Medicine Wheel Central Cairn
27 Heliacal Rising Markers at Big Horn Medicine Wheel Sirius August Rigel July Equinox Aldebaran June Solstice June
28 Astronomical Alignment of Big Horn Medicine Wheel John Eddy found cairns aligned to: Summer Solstice - Sunrise E-O - Sunset C-O Heliacal Risings - Aldebaran (June) - Rigel (July) - Sirius (August) - Formalhaut (May) J A Eddy, Science 1974
29 Heliacal Rising Alignments Alignments Moose Mountain, Sask Big Horn, Wyoming J A Eddy, National Geographic 1979
30 Archaeoastronomy and Medicine Wheels Rays from a central cairn are common Openings to the south east are common Solar and stellar alignments have been found Accurate astronomical alignments are rare
31 Conclusions Horizon markers for solar phenomenon were common in pre-historic cultures Calendar was determined using such markers Markers determined critical dates through the seasons of the year Civilization and the development of cultures around started with these markers The Medicine Wheels of the Western Plains are excellent examples of such date determining markers Be wary of over interpretation
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