Temperature in Thermal Systems
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1 Temperature in Thermal Systems
2 Thermal systems Designed to move heat energy from warmer regions to cooler regions In an automobile we have a fan, water pump, radiator, hoses, thermostat, coolant fluids, and air
3 Temperature Difference acts like a Force The prime mover is temperature difference Written: ΔT
4 Movement of heat Heat always moves from warm areas to cooler This is undesirable in homes both in the summer and winter Therefore we insulate the walls to reduce in heat loss and gain
5 What is heat? What is temperature? Temperature is a scalar quantity Measured in degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius Heat Form of energy found in the vibrating motion of atoms and molecules
6 What is heat? What is temperature? Temperature A measure of the average energy of motion of the molecules in a substance Hot items have high average energy motion Cool items have low average energy motion
7 How does a thermometer work? Filled with liquid such as mercury or colored alcohol When the temperature of the liquid increases it expands A scale is provided to make readings
8 Temperature Scales Fahrenheit Scale Freezing point of water = 32 degrees Boiling point of water = 212 degrees Celsius Scale Freezing point of water = 0 degrees Boiling point of water = 100 degrees
9 Fahrenheit vs. Celsius
10 Fahrenheit vs. Celsius On a thermometer the scale shows that 100 Celsius degrees are equal to 180 Fahrenheit degrees 1 C o = 1.8 F o Writing Temp or Temp Differences 32 o F is different than 32F o
11 Writing Temp or Temp Differences Temperatures are degrees Celsius ( o C) or degrees Fahrenheit ( o F) Temperature differences are Celsius degrees (C o ) or Fahrenheit degrees (F o )
12 Converting from one scale to another
13 Converting from one scale to another Given: A temperature of 50 o F Find: The same temperature in degrees Celsius ( o C) Solution: T o C = 5/9(T o F 32 o ) T o C = 5/9(50 o 32 o ) T o C = 5/9(18 o ) Therefore, 50 o F is the same as 10 o C
14 Converting from one scale to another Given: A temperature of 20 o C Find: The temperature in degrees Fahrenheit ( o F) Solution: T o F = 9/5(T o C) + 32 o T o F = 9/5(20 o )+ 32 o T o F = 36 o + 32 o T o F = 68 o F Therefore, 20 o C is the same as 68 o F
15 Converting from one scale to another Given: The temperature in the room just went up 11 C o Find: What is the temperature difference in degrees Fahrenheit Solution: 1 C o = 1.8 F o 11 x 1 C o = 11 x 1.8 F o 11 C o = 19.8 F o
16 Converting from one scale to another Given: The temperature in the room is 68 o F but just went down 4 C o Find: How much the temperature decreases in Fahrenheit. Find: The new temperature in Fahrenheit Solution: 1 C o = 1.8 F o 4 x 1 C o = 4 x 1.8 F o 4 C o = 7.2 F o 68 o F 7.2 F o = 60.8 o F
17 Thermocouple thermometers Used where a normal thermometer can t be used Furnaces, boilers, and nuclear reactors Allows us to read the temperature far away from the actual measuring point
18 How does a thermocouple thermometer work? Temperature measuring device that depends on changes in electrical properties of certain metals When two specific metals are joined together a small voltage develops across the connecting joint when opposite ends are at different temperatures
19 How does a thermocouple thermometer work? Metals: Iron and constantan or chromel or constantan Voltage is very low Few microvolts or millivolts Increasing the temperature difference increases the voltage
20 Thermocouple thermometers Formed by using two thermocouple junctions
21 Thermocouple thermometers Used to measure the temperature difference between a known temperature (T R ) and an unknown temperature (T)
22 Thermocouple thermometers The two junctions produce separate voltages that oppose one other If the temperatures are the same, the voltages are equal and opposite and the voltmeter senses zero If T is greater than T R it produces a positive voltage If T is less than T R it produces a negative voltage
23 Thermocouple thermometers Reference junction is usually placed in an icy-water mixture with a known temperature (T R ) of 0 o C
24
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