Goals: Be able to. What kinds of things can be genetic? Inheriting traits: How do we predict the traits of children from their parents?
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1 Goals: Be able to Describe how children inherit traits from their parents Define heterozygous, homozygous, dominant, recessive, codominant, and carrier Describe the patterns of inheritance of traits using Punnett squares Inheriting traits: How do we predict the traits of children from their parents? What kinds of things can be genetic? Every single cell has the same DNA Why are our cells different? Visible physical traits blue eyes Conditions cystic fibrosis, achondroplasia Cell structure AB blood type Behavior aggression, risk-taking Intelligence? Personality? Fig 6.1 Different genes are active in different cells How are traits inherited? Fig 6.3 Fig 6.2 You have 23 pages from each parent 1
2 Making gametes: each is different Fig 6.4 From your parents 8 million possible combos Your gametes In humans with 23 haploid chromosomes, 2 n = 2 23 = 8,388,608 possible gametes. Variation added by crossing-over once in each homologous pair: 70,368,744,000,000 gametes Fertilization also contributes to genetic variation: (2 23 ) 2 = 70,368,744,000,000 possible combinations without crossing-over With fertilization and crossing-over, (4 23 ) 2 = 4,951,760,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 combinations Why can different parents have different alleles? You inherit one allele from each parent to make a homologous pair Homozygous: you have 2 of the same allele Variation is due to mutations Heterozygous: you have 2 different alleles Fig 6.3 Fig 6.8 Dominance Heterozygotes (Bb): One allele can mask the other Recessive trait does not disappear is present in allele Bb Bb BB X bb X Allele b is recessive; Allele B is dominant Bb BB or Bb bb 2
3 Fainting goats of Tennessee Fainting is due to a dominant allele (G). What are the possible genotypes of the fainting phenotype? Outline of inheritance patterns 1. Complete dominance Disease due to recessive allele Disease due to dominant allele 2. Codominance 3. >2 alleles Cystic fibrosis Dominant allele (F) functional protein Recessive allele (f) nonfunctional protein What can you tell about the parent s genotypes if parents are 1. asymptomatic and 2. they have a kid with CF (ff)? Only ff children have CF Cystic fibrosis Punnett squares help us determine probabilities Fig 6.10 Dominant allele (F) functional protein Recessive allele (f) nonfunctional If you have had protein 1 child with CF, what are the chances that you will have another? Only ff children have CF Parents can be heterozygous carriers (Ff) 1 in 4 chance 3
4 Gregor Mendel Not all genetic diseases are recessive Huntington s disease: Dominant (H) In a heterozygote cross (Ff x Ff), you get 3 dominant : 1 recessive A man has Huntington s disease, but his wife does not. What is his wife s genotype? What is his genotype? He is heterozygous. What are the chances that the children of his marriage will have Huntington s disease? Sickle cell anemia Outline of inheritance patterns 1. Complete dominance Disease due to recessive allele Disease due to dominant allele 2. Codominance 3. >2 alleles Allele A + Allele A - Homozygous mutant (A - A - ) alleles disease Heterozygotes (A + A - ) mild anemia 4
5 Heterozygous parents A + A - What are the chances that the children of a heterozygous couple will have mild anemia? A + A + A + A + A - A - A + A - A - A - Fig 6.11 Outline of inheritance patterns 1. Complete dominance Disease due to recessive allele Disease due to dominant allele 2. Codominance 3. >2 alleles Alleles: i = no sugar I A = A sugar I B = B sugar ii I A I A or I A i I B I B or I B i I A I B Essay 7.1 For curiosity s sake What's Your Blood Type? O Rh-positive: 38% O Rh-negative: 7% A Rh-positive: 34% A Rh-negative: 6% B Rh-positive: 9% B Rh-negative: 2% AB Rh-positive: 3% AB Rh-negative: 1% Essay 7.1 5
6 A woman with Type O blood and a man who is Type AB have are expecting a child. What are the possible blood types of the kid? Cross: ii x I A I B I A I B i I A i I B i i I A i I B i Goals: Be able to Explain why quantitative traits exhibit continuous variation. Define heritability. Describe different ways that scientists use to test for the influence of genes on a trait, and the caveats with each. Use your genetics knowledge to tell whether your child will be smart or dumb. Quantitative traits have more variation 1. More genes involved 1. More genes involved 2. Larger environmental influence Fig 6.13 More continuous variation Eye color depends on multiple genes 2. Larger environmental influence Most characteristics have genetic AND environmental components Fig
7 Skin color is a quantitative trait that has both genetic and environmental components What other human traits might be quantitative? Birth weight in humans 3.5 kg 8 lbs Goals: Be able to Explain why quantitative traits exhibit continuous variation. Define heritability. Describe different ways that scientists use to test for the influence of genes on a trait, and the caveats with each. Use your genetics knowledge to tell whether your child will be smart or dumb. Determining the genetic contribution to a trait What could you do to get more milk from your herd? Assume trait is heritable and breed selectively Fig 6.16 Fig
8 Milk production is heritable: influenced by genes Avg: 2.6 gallons Avg: 3.2 gallons Goals: Be able to Explain why quantitative traits exhibit continuous variation. Define heritability. Describe different ways that scientists use to test for the influence of genes on a trait, and the caveats with each. Use your genetics knowledge to tell whether your child will be smart or dumb. Fig 6.16 Are you only as smart as your genes? How heritable is your intelligence? Correlation: the relationship between 2 factors Offspring response Strong correlation between parents and offspring high heritability? Parent immune response Correlation Causation! Fig 6.17 What sort of study could we do to test the pirate global warming relationship? Heritability: Twin studies Dissect environmental vs. genetic causes Monozygotic: 100% identical Fig 6.7 What might be wrong with using correlation between parents and offspring as a measure of heritability? Dizygotic: 50% identical 8
9 Table 6.1 If IQ were highly heritable would you expect monozygotic twins to be more or less similar than dizygotic? Compare IQ similarity of identical vs. nonidentical twins How does this study control for environment? Compare IQ similarity of identical vs. nonidentical twins separated at birth Environment is different, but genes are the same Table 6.1 The Jim Twins Both were named Jim by their adoptive parents. Each had married two times, the first to women named Linda and the second to women named Betty. From this evidence, what would you conclude about the heritability of personality? Jim Springer named his son James Allen, while Jim Lewis chose James Alan. Both had dogs named Toy. The two drank Miller Lite, smoked Salems and drove Chevrolets. They had voted for the same candidate in the past three presidential elections. Correlation Identical vs. non-identical Twins separated at birth Table 6.1 What studies could you do to determine the heritability of alcoholism? How heritable is alcoholism? Correlation studies Twin studies Studies of adopted children 9
10 Genetics and Public Policy Should having a gene for alcoholism mean that you should not be punished as harshly for drunk driving? IQ has high heritability ~0.72 If everything is genetic, who is responsible? High heritability doesn t mean that the environment doesn t matter Weight heritability is high (0.90) Pick random mice Fig 6.18 Feed mice differently Starved mice were smaller, no matter their genetics 10
11 Interplay of genetic and environmental factors Generalize the findings of the mouse study. What does it mean for human intelligence? Table 6.2 What does the rat study mean for human intelligence? Goals: Be able to Explain why quantitative traits exhibit continuous variation. Define heritability. Describe different ways that scientists use to test for the influence of genes on a trait, and the caveats with each. Use your genetics knowledge to tell whether your child will be smart or dumb. 11
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