Solarenergie in Fenster und Fassade

Transcription

1 Solarenergie in Fenster und Fassade Dipl.-Phys. Tilmann E. Kuhn Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Freiburg, Germany 4. Internat. Fachtagung»Zukunft Bauen«Bozen 23. Januar 2009

2 Contents What is Fraunhofer ISE? Current situation Definition building integrated Technical features of multi-functional energygain building components Examples

3 The Fraunhofer-Society More than 40 locations in Germany Itzehoe Rostock 56 Institutes Employees Bremen Berlin Hannover Potsdam Braunschweig Teltow Nuthetal Paderborn Magdeburg Oberhausen Dortmund Cottbus Halle Leipzig Duisburg Schmallenberg Schkopau Dresden Erfurt Sankt Augustin Aachen Ilmenau Jena Euskirchen Chemnitz Darmstadt Würzburg Wertheim Kaiserslautern Erlangen St. Ingbert Fürth Saarbrücken Nürnberg Pfinztal Karlsruhe Stuttgart Freising München Freiburg Oberpfaffenhofen Efringen- Holzkirchen Kirchen

4 Revenue structure, Operation 2007 Operation: Investment: Total: 32.2 Mio Euro 12.3 Mio Euro 44.5 Mio Euro Industry 44% Federal 29% Government Projects Regional 1% Government Projects European Union 5% Others 3% Special Programs, FhG 4% Basic Funding* 14% * 90% Federal Government 10% Regional Government

5 Fraunhofer ISE Areas of Business Buildings and Technical Building Components Optical Components and Systems Solar Cells Off-Grid Power Supplies Grid-Connected Renewable Power Generation Hydrogen Technology

6 Contents What is Fraunhofer ISE? Current situation Definition building integrated Technical Features of multi-functional energygain building components Examples

7 Current situation I Buildings account for around 40 % of final energy consumption in Europe (JRC-IES, Ispra, Italy) 80% of building energy consumption currently occurs during service-life (FP7-call NMP Resource efficient and clean buildings) The current building stock has enormous potential for improvement of energy efficiency integration of renewables

8 Current situation II Current use of renewables: Dominated by application in single-family houses solar domestic hot water and PV systems Limited penetration in new buildings in the non-residential sector Almost no penetration in the existing building stock of the non-residential sector. Integration in facades especially necessary for high-rise buildings with small roof area Three main reasons for limited penetration technical aspects current decision processes current business models

9 Contents What is Fraunhofer ISE? Current situation Definition building integrated Technical Features of multi-functional energygain building components Examples

10 Definition of building integration True integration Completely different requirements for true integration and simple addtion True integration of renewables leads to multifunctional energy-gaining building envelopes Picture: ECN & BEAR Architects Simple addition At least one additional function required for truly integrated components Integration has strong aesthetic implications Picture: ECN & BEAR Architects

11 Contents What is Fraunhofer ISE? Current situation Definition building integrated Technical Features of multi-functional energygain building components Examples

12 Possible technical features of integrated components Energy generation and/or saving by: Thermal insulation Solar control Passive use of daylight and solar heat Active solar thermal PV PV-T Comfort & Health: impact on visual comfort impact on thermal comfort Protection fire, wind, rain, burglary,

13 Possible technical features of integrated components Energy generation and/or saving by: Thermal insulation Solar control Passive use of daylight and solar heat Active solar thermal PV PV-T Comfort & Health: impact on visual comfort impact on thermal comfort Protection fire, wind, rain, burglary,

14 Stainless steel blind s_enn

15 Monthly effective g-values External stainless steel blind s_enn with heat mirror glazing (g DGU = 0.53) effective g-value (monthly mean value) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec south west north month

16 Glazing with seasonal shading & PCM Transparent prisms provide seasonal shading PCM limits peak temperature in summer and allows solar heating in winter evenings inside Ar-filled cavity PCM-filled cavity outside Prisms Picture: GlassX, Switzerland

17 Glazing with seasonal shading & PCM Picture: GlassX, Switzerland

18 Possible technical features of integrated components Energy generation and/or saving by: Thermal insulation Solar control Passive use of daylight and solar heat Active solar thermal PV PV-T Comfort & Health: impact on visual comfort impact on thermal comfort Protection fire, wind, rain, burglary,

19 Current situation: Solar thermal market in EU27 + CH newly installed capacity Source: ESTIF Trends and market statistics 2007, June 2008

20 How much energy is produced by the installed power? Total power installed end of 2007 Estimated energy produced per year Source: Sarasin Nachhaltigkeitsstudie Solarenergie Nov. 2007

21 Flate plate collectors 90 to 95% market share in Europe maximum temperature 200 C C in stagnation

22 Evacuated tubular collectors 5-10% market share in Europe maximum temperature 250 C C in stagnation

23 Fassade-integrated collectors in high-rise buildings City of Tomorrow Source:: Viessmann in Malmö, Sweden Design study Source:: Viessmann

24 Solar collectors and daylighting Evacuated tubular collectors for combination with daylighting. Source: Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät für Architektur, Prof. Behling Source: Viessmann

25 Opaque Façade collectors Fraunhofer ISE technology: rollbond FracTherm- Absorber (bionic approach) Quelle: Austria Solar/AEE INTEC

26 Facades with active concepts for direct heating and cooling

27 New Solar/Air collector 1: low-e Absorber Coating 2: piping (transfer of heat to storage or heat pump 1 3: Air inlet and ventilator 4: Air-heat exchanger at the back surface of the collector Tradename: Solaera Manufacturer: Consolar, D 3 4 2

28 New Solar/Air collector

29 Possible technical features of integrated components Energy generation and/or saving by: thermal insulation solar control Passive use of daylight and solar heat Active solar thermal PV PV-T Comfort & Health: impact on visual comfort impact on thermal comfort Protection fire, wind, rain, burglary,

30 BIPV = building integrated PV Zoo Rotterdam (NL) 500 kwp Source: BEAR Architects

31 BIPV: Market characteristics The PV industry is booming. annual growth rate 2007: 67% [Sarasin 2007] expected average annual growth rate for : 50% [Sarasin 2007] typical annual growth rates of individual companies: 30-40% There is no real short-term need to develop new markets (BIPV) Approximately 75% of the rapidly growing market is linked with buildings

32 BIPV: Market characteristics At all parts of the value chain the goal is to minimize the cost of ownership. (Goal: Grid parity !) Mass production Cheaper material: umg-si with more impurities Increased service lifetime, especially in case of thin film solar cells. Reduced costs for installation, inverters, fixings - 1/3 of the total system costs - reduced by more than 50% since further reduction: inverter service lifetime

33 BIPV: Functional and aesthetical integration will become much more important Aesthetically outstanding technologies required The costs of the solar energy generating components will decrease dramatically. The importance of the other components of the system increases. Substitution of classical building components becomes more and more important. Photo: Scheuten Solar Germany GmbH

34 Possible technical features of integrated components Energy generation and/or saving by: thermal insulation solar control Passive use of daylight and solar heat Active solar thermal PV PV-T Comfort & Health: impact on visual comfort impact on thermal comfort Protection fire, wind, rain, burglary,

35 PV-T collectors All buildings need electricity and heat. In PVT systems, the incoming solar radiation is converted into electricity and heat simultaneously. Source: PVT panels have a higher total efficiency than separately installed PV panels and solar thermal collectors. Other possible advantages are lower installation costs and -in the long run- lower production costs.

36 Contents What is Fraunhofer ISE? Current situation Definition building integrated Technical Features of multi-functional energygain building components Examples

37 Shopping center in Gelsenkirchen, Germany Additional cost: 19% / kwp Photo: Scheuten Solar Germany GmbH

38 New hospital in Aalst, Belgium Additional cost: 27% / kwp Photos: Scheuten Solar Germany GmbH

39 Conclusions Existing technologies should be applied in order to harvest the huge potential new concepts with exiting technologies new business models (life cycle costing!) stronger political actions on European and national level required research needed on the level of technical and economic concepts New promising technologies are waiting to become products further research needed Improved methods for the assessment / planning of the benefit of RE harvesting systems (including the user!) necessary further research needed