Comparison of energy consumption and costs of different hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicle concepts in European and American context

Transcription

1 Comparison of energy consumption and costs of different hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicle concepts in European and American context IEA Implementing Agreement, Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Task 15: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 11. April 213 Hannover Messe Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Martin Redelbach Institut für Fahrzeugkonzepte

2 Slide 2 References The presentation is based on the international cooperation between ANL, IFP and DLR in context of the IEA Implementing Agreement HEV Joint Publications B. Propfe, M. Redelbach, D. Santini, H. Friedrich: Cost analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles including Maintenance & Repair Costs and Resale Values. EVS26 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium, May , Los Angeles, USA. A. Rousseau, F. Badin, M. Redelbach, N. Kim, A. Da Costa, D. Santini, F. Le Berr, H. Friedrich: Comparison of Energy consumption and costs of different HEVs and PHEVs in European and American context, European Electric Vehicle Conference (EEVC), November 212, Brussels, Belgium.

3 Slide 3 Agenda The presentation analysis the competitiveness of different hybrid electric vehicle concepts Objective and approach Vehicle architecture Energy consumption (certification vs. real world) Maintenance and repair cost Total cost of ownership analysis International comparison of cost efficiency

4 Slide 4 Objective and approach The presentation analysis the competitiveness of different hybrid electric vehicle concepts Current challenges: - Ambitious CO 2 reduction targets, - rising energy prices - growing awareness of fuel economy Electrification of drivetrains as main levers to improve energy efficiency Cost competitiveness of electric vehicles: - Production costs are higher conventional - Operating costs are lower due to low energy consumption Total cost of ownership model (developed by DLR) Fair comparison of cost efficiency across different powertrain alternatives from customer perspective

5 Slide 5 Vehicle architecture and setup 3 different hybrid electric powertrain concepts have been analyzed and compared to a conventional vehicle in midsize car segment HEV PHEV3 PHEV7 Parallel Input-split Series ICE EM Batt. ICE EM Batt. EM ICE EM EM Batt. Component sizing

6 Slide 6 Energy consumption Different standardized driving cycles have been simulated Certification test cycle Real-world test cycle Speed (in km/h) NEDC Speed (in km/h) Artemis Urban Speed (in km/h) UDDS Speed (in km/h) Artemis Motorway Time (in s) Time (in s)

7 Slide 7 Energy consumption European certification procedure for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles 1 A Battery fully charged (CD-Mode) SOC 1 min e 1 D test1 M 1 = m 1 / D test1 E 1 = e 1 / D test1 CO 2 emission (in g/km) M AER M 25 M AER B Battery fully discharged (CS-Mode) Electric energy consumption (in Wh/km) SOC 1 min e 2 D test2 e 3 e4 M 2 = m 2 / D test2 E 4 = e 4 / D test2 E AER E 25 E AER ) Accoding to regulation 11; AER = all electric range

8 Slide 8 Energy consumption US certification procedure for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles 1 Utility Factor UF Charge depleting range in miles 1) Accoding SAE J1711 procedure

9 Slide 9 Energy consumption Real world energy consumption depends on individual driver behavior Distribution of daily driving distance Average driving speed (in km/h) Average driving speed as function of distance and place of residence Land Stadt Großstadt Trip distance (in km) Electric driving share Weighting of CD/CS-energy consumption Average driving seed Weighting of urban/motorway cycles Source: DLR analysis of MiD 28 data

10 Slide 1 Energy consumption Comparison of gasoline and electricity consumption for standard EU test procedures and real world driving 1 Fuel consumption in L/1 km Conventional ICE HEV PHEV3 PHEV Electricity consumption in Wh/km EU norm Powertrain Conventional HEV PHEV3 PHE7 Real world Energy consumption is significantly higher in simulated real-world driving conditions than in EU test cycle (15-6% for fuel consumption) 1) Real world consumption calculated as weighted average of Artemis Urban and Motorway Source: Based on ANL and IFP simulation results

11 Slide 11 Energy consumption Comparison of gasoline and electricity consumption for standard EU and US test procedures 8 EU Powertrain US Fuel consumption in L/1 km Conventional ICE HEV PHEV3 PHEV Electricity consumption in Wh/km Conventional HEV PHEV3 PHE7 Fuel consumption of PHEVs is 3-4% higher in US test procedure compared to EU; electric energy consumption 2-5% lower Source: Based on ANL and IFP simulation results

12 Slide 12 Maintanence and repair cost Bottom-up estimation of maintenance and repair costs of electric powertrains EUR Cent / km Powertrain components Miscellaneous Tires Coolant Air conditioning Cabin air filter Multimedia Electrified Components PE: DC/DC PE: DC/AC PE: AC/DC Charger Traction e-motor H2 storage Fuel cell Traction battery (Li-ion) Transmission Gear oil Clutch Transmission Braking System Brake fluid Brake disk Brake pad IC Engine Automotive battery (Pb) Generator Starter motor Spark plug Rocker cover gasket Vee belt/multi-groove belt Timing belt Air filter Fuel filter Muffler Exhaust system Engine oil ICE HEV PHEV15 PHEV3 PHEV7 BEV FCEV M&R costs for hybrids are lower than for conventional vehicle (up to -3% for PHEV7)

13 Slide 13 Operating cost TCO analysis Hybrids can compensate higher initial purchase price by lower operating cost Investment cost Year 215 (in 1 EUR) Conventional ICE PHEV7 Purchase cost Expected resale value Fuel cost 7.7 Electricity cost Maintenance & repair Other costs.4.2 Total Cost of Ownership Assumption: 14, km/year, 4 year holding period, country Germany Source:

14 Slide 14 TCO analysis Plug-in electric vehicles only payoff for freqeuent drivers x% Operating cost Investment cost Comparisions PHEV7 vs ICE 7 km/year 14 km/year 2 km/year % % % Conv. ICE HEV PHEV PHEV 3 7 Conv. ICE HEV PHEV PHEV 3 7 Conv. ICE HEV PHEV PHEV 3 7 Cumulated cost for car owner over 4 years including resale in 1 EUR (year 215) Source:

15 Slide 15 International comparision PHEV are more attractive for EU than US customer mainly due to higher fuel prices in Europe US calculation assumes 1 year holding period without resale value, US: short distance = 66, typical distance = 18, long distange = 32 km

16 Slide 16 Conclusions 1 US and EU established comparable test procedures for electric vehicles EU norm favors HEV/PHEV in terms of fuel consumption; real world consumption is significantly higher 2 Operating cost (energy and maintenance) for hybrids decrease with higher degree of electrification (party compensating the higher purchase price) 3 The cost efficiency of HEV and PHEV highly depend on driver behavior and energy prices Break even is reached at lower mileages in EU case (due to higher fuel prices)

17 Institut für Fahrzeugkonzepte (FK), Stuttgart