MUSCULAR SYSTEM PART I: MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY
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1 MUSCULAR SYSTEM PART I: MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY How are fascicles arranged in the various types of muscles, and what are the resulting functional differences? Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 4 patterns of fascicle organization: parallel & fusiform convergent pennate circular Parallel Parallel to axis of pull Long and fairly uniform Sartorius Wide area of origin Narrow area of insertion Fan-shaped Pectoralis Major Strap Muscles Fusiform Parallel to axis of pull Thick, fleshy belly of muscle Biceps brachii Convergent Pennate Feather, short fascicles set obliquely Unipennate Arranged on one side of the tendon Flexor pollicis longus Bipennate Fascicles on both sides of the tendon Rectus femoris Multipennate Several tendons Deltoid Circular Fascicles arranged in a circular pattern around an opening sphincter muscle Orbicularis oris
2 Origins and Insertions Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment (origin) and 1 moving point of attachment (insertion) Origin is usually proximal to insertion Muscle Terminology Based on Function Agonist (prime mover): produces a particular movement Antagonist: opposes movement of a particular agonist Synergist: a smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist (fixator)
3 MUSCULAR SYSTEM PART II: AXIAL MUSCLES What are the principle axial muscles of the body and their actions? Muscles of Facial Expression Occipitofrontalis Orbicularis oculii Orbicularis oris Buccinators Zygomaticus Depressor labii inferioris Masseter: the strongest jaw muscle Temporalis: helps lift the mandible Muscles of Mastication Platysma Sternocleidomastoid Inspiration External intercostals Diaphragm Scalenes Muscles of the Neck Muscles of Respiration Expiration Internal intercostals Relaxation of diaphragm Muscles of the Trunk: Abdominals Rectus Abdominis: Flexion of torso, stabilization External Oblique: Flexion and rotation of torso, stabilization Internal Oblique: Flexion and rotation of torso, stabilization Transversus Abdominis: Compress abdomen Muscles of the Vertebral Column: Posterior Erector spinae muscles
4 MUSCULAR SYSTEM PART III: APPENDICULAR MUSCLES (A) UPPER BODY What are the major muscles and groups of the upper limbs? Muscles of the Trunk: Anterior Pectoralis Major: Flexion, adduction, medial rotation of the arm Pectoralis Minor Downward rotation of scapula, stabilization Serratus Anterior: Stabilization of scapula Muscles of the Trunk: Posterior Latissimus Dorsi: Arm adduction, extension, medial rotation of arm Teres major: Arm adduction, medial rotation Trapezius: Shrug, neck extension, scapula elevation, retraction, rotation Levator scapulae: Elevate scapula Rhomboid (major & minor): Retraction of scapula Rotator Cuff: Muscles Muscles that hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis Muscles of the Rotator Cuff Supraspinatus: Stabilization of scapula, abduction of arm Infraspinatus: Stabilization of scapula, lateral rotation of arm Teres Minor: Stabilization of scapula, lateral rotation of arm Subscapularis: Stabilization of scapula, medial rotation of arm
5 Muscles of the Arm - Lateral Deltoid: Arm abduction, extension, medial & lateral rotation of arm (at shoulder) Muscles of the Arm - Anterior Biceps Brachii: Forearm flexion (at elbow, supinated), flexion of arm (at shoulder), supination Brachialis: Forearm flexion (at elbow, pronated) Muscles of the Arm - Posterior Triceps Brachii: Forearm extension (at elbow) Arm extension (at shoulder) Muscles of the Forearm: Anterior Brachioradialis: Flexion of forearm (at elbow) Flexor Carpi Radialis: Wrist abduction, flexion Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Wrist adduction, flexion Palmaris Longus: Weak wrist flexion Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Flexion of fingers, and hand Pronator Quadratus: Pronation of forearm Supinator: Supination of forearm Muscles that Rotate the Forearm Muscles of the Forearm: Posterior Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus: Extends and abducts wrist Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis: Extends and abducts wrist Extensor Carpi Ulnaris: Extension, adduction of wrist
6 Muscles of the Forearm: Posterior Extensor Pollicis Longus: Extends thumb and abducts wrist Extensor Pollicis Brevis: Extends thumb and abducts wrist Tendon Sheaths Extensor retinaculum: wide band of connective tissue posterior surface of wrist stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles Flexor retinaculum: anterior surface of wrist stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles
7 MUSCULAR SYSTEM PART III: APPENDICULAR MUSCLES (B) LOWER BODY What are the major muscles and groups of the lower limbs? Muscles that Position the Lower Limbs Muscles that move the thigh Muscles that move the leg Muscles that move the foot and toes Gluteal muscles Lateral rotators Adductors Iliopsoas Muscles that Move the Thigh Muscles of the Hip: Gluteal Muscles Gluteus maximus: extension and lateral rotation of leg Gluteus medius: Abduction of leg Gluteus minimus: Abduction, medial rotation of leg Tensor fasciae latae: stabilizes iliotibial tract Muscles of the Hip: Lateral Rotators Piriformis: Lateral rotation and adduction at hip Obturator: Lateral rotation at hip Quadratus Femoris: Lateral rotation at hip Superior Gemellus/Inferior Gemellus: Lateral rotation at hip Hip Flexor: Iliopsoas 2 hip flexors insert on the same tendon: psoas major iliacus
8 Adductor magnus: adduction, extension, and flexion Adductor brevis: hip flexion and adduction Adductor longus: hip flexion and adduction Muscles of the Thigh: Adductors Muscles of the Thigh: Anterior Sartorius: Flexion, lateral rotation Quadriceps Femoris: Knee extension Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Rectus femoris Hip flexion synergist Muscles of the Thigh: Posterior Hamstrings: Knee flexion, hip extension biceps femoris semimembranosus semitendinosus Muscles of the Leg: Anterior Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexion, inversion Extensor Digitorum Longus: Extension of toes Extensor Hallucis Longus: Extension of great toe Pectineus: hip flexion and adduction Gracilis: hip flexion and adduction Muscles of the Leg: Posterior & Lateral Gastrocnemius: Plantar flexion (leg straight) Soleus: Plantar flexion (leg bent at knee) Peroneus (fibularis) Longus: Eversion, plantar flexion
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