Gas evolved and test Equation 1. Oxides of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron and copper do not decompose on heating.
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1 1. OXIDES Name of the compound Formula Original Colour Final Colour Residue Gas evolved and test Equation 1. Oxides of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron and copper do not decompose on heating. 2 Zinc Oxide ZnO Yellow when hot when cold Residue turns white on cooling Does not decompose (only changes colour) Eq n : ZnO ZnO () (Yellow) 3 Lead Dioxide PbO2 Chocolate brown Yellow Yellow residue fuses with test tube Oxygen Eq n : 2PbO2 2PbO + O2 4 Red Lead Pb3O4 Red Yellow Yellow residue fuses with the test tube Eq n : 2Pb3O4 6PbO +O2 1
2 5 Mercuric Oxide HgO Red Silvery liquid Silvery mirror on sides of test tube Eq n : 2HgO 2Hg + O2 6 Silver Oxide Ag2O Greyish black Silver Silver residue at the bottom of the test tube Eq n : 2Ag2O 4Ag + O2 2. CARBONATES GAS = PRECIPITATE = Name of the compound Formula Original Colour Final Colour Residue Gas evolved test Equation 1 Sodium and Potassium carbonate do not decompose on heating 2 Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 residue of calcium oxide obtained Colourless, odourless, slightly acidic to litmus and turns lime water milky Eq n : CaCO3 CaO + CO2 3 Magnesium Carbonate MgCO3 residue of magnesium oxide obtained Colourless, odourless, slightly acidic to litmus and turns lime water milky 2
3 Eq n : MgCO3 MgO + CO2 4 Zinc Carbonate ZnCO3 Yellow when hot white when cold Yellow residue of zinc oxide obtained which turns white on cooling Colourless, odourless, slightly acidic to litmus and turns lime water milky Eq n : ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 5 Lead Carbonate PbCO3 Yellow Yellow residue fuses with the sides of the test tube Colourless, odourless, slightly acidic to litmus and turns lime water milky Eq n : PbCO3 PbO + CO2 6 Copper Carbonate CuCO3 Light green Black Black copper oxide formed Colourless, odourless, slightly acidic to litmus and turns lime water milky Eq n : CuCO3 CuO + CO2 7 Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 No residue Decomposes on exposure to air and leaves no residue Colourless, odourless, slightly acidic to litmus and turns lime water milky 3
4 Ammonia Pungent, smelling, basic gas turns red litmus blue and gives dense white fumes with a glass rod of HCl acid Water Vapour Neutral vapours turn Cobalt Chloride paper Eq n : (NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + H2O (vap) + CO2 3. BICARBONATES Name of the compound Formula Original Colour Final Colour Residue Gas evolved test Equation 1 Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3 solid sodium carbonate Colourless, odourless, slightly acidic to litmus and turns lime water milky Water Vapour Neutral vapours turn Cobalt Chloride paper Eq n : 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O +CO2 4
5 2 Potassium Bicarbonate KHCO3 solid potassium carbonate Colourless, odourless, slightly acidic to litmus and turns lime water milky Water Vapour Neutral vapours turn Cobalt Chloride paper Eq n : 2KHCO3 K2CO3 + H2O +CO2 3 Calcium Bicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2 Calcium carbonate residue Colourless, odourless, slightly acidic to litmus and turns lime water milky Water Vapour Neutral vapours turn Cobalt Chloride paper Eq n : Ca(HCO3) 2 CaCO3 + H2O +CO2 Colourless, odourless, slightly acidic to litmus and turns lime water milky 4 Magnesium Bicarbonate Mg(HCO3)2 Magnesium carbonate residue Water Vapour Neutral vapours turn Cobalt Chloride paper Eq n : Mg(HCO3) 2 MgCO3 + H2O + CO2 5
6 Note: Calcium bicarbonate and Magnesium bicarbonate exists only in solution 4. NITRATES Name of the compound Formula Original Colour Final Colour Residue Gas evolved test Equation 1 Sodium Nitrate NaNO3 Colourless Pale yellow liquid Pale yellow liquid Eq n : 2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2 2 Potassium Nitrate KNO3 Colourless Pale yellow liquid Pale yellow liquid Eq n : 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2 3 Calcium Nitrate Ca(NO3)2 Colourless residue of calcium oxide Reddish brown acidic gas 6
7 Turns Potassium Iodide paper brown in colour Eq n : 2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2 Salt decrepitates on heating 4 Zinc Nitrate Zn(NO3)2 Colourless very deliquescent Yellow when hot white when cold residue of Zinc oxide obtained on cooling Reddish brown acidic gas Turns Potassium Iodide paper brown in colour Eq n : 2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2 Salt decrepitates on heating 5 Lead Nitrate Pb(NO3)2 deliquescent Yellow Yellow residue of lead monoxide fuses with the test tube Reddish brown acidic gas Turns Potassium Iodide solution brown in colour Eq n : 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 6 Copper Nitrate Cu(NO3)2 Blue Black Black residue of copper oxide 7
8 Reddish brown acidic gas Turns Potassium Iodide solution brown in colour Eq n : 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 7 Mercuric Nitrate Hg(NO3)2 Colourless Silvery Silvery residue of mercury on the test tube Reddish brown acidic gas Turns Potassium Iodide paper brown in colour Eq n : Hg(NO3)2 Hg + 2NO2 + O2 8 Silver Nitrate AgNO3 Colourless Silver Silvery residue of silver on the test tube Reddish brown acidic gas Turns Potassium Iodide paper brown in colour Eq n : 2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 9 Ammonium Nitrate NH4NO3 No residue Completely disappears on heating Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas) Water Vapour 8
9 Neutral vapours turn Cobalt Chloride paper Eq n : NH4NO3 2H2O + N2O 5. HYDROUS SALTS Name of the compound Formula Original Colour Final Colour Residue Gas evolved test Equation A Hydrated Copper Sulphate CuSO4 5H2O Blue crystalline compound anhydrous powder Greyish white residue of copper Sulphate. On strong heating the residue turns black Water vapour Neutral vapours turn Cobalt Chloride paper Eq n : CuSO4 5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O B Hydrated Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3 10H2O crystalline solid anhydrous powder anhydrous residue of sodium carbonate Water vapour Neutral vapours turn Cobalt Chloride paper Eq n : Na2CO3 10H2O : Na2CO3 + 10H2O 6. Other compounds a Ammonium dichromate (NH4)2Cr2O7 Orange Decomposes with sparks giving out heat and forms a green fluffy powder Green powder of chromic oxide Water vapour Neutral vapours turn Cobalt Chloride paper Nitrogen Colourless neutral gas Eq n : (NH4)2Cr2O7 : Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O b Ammonium Chloride solid Disappears from the bottom of the test tube and settles down as a No residue at the bottom of the test tube Ammonia Basic gas turns red litmus blue and gives dense white fumes with a glass rod dipped in HCl 9
10 NH4Cl white solid on the upper cooler parts of the test tube Hydrogen Chloride An acidic gas gives dense white fumes with a glass rod dipped in Ammonium Hydroxide Eq n : NH4Cl NH3+ HCl Iodine Camphor Naphthalene do not undergo any chemical change when heated, but undergo sublimation Eg: Iodine crystals Iodine vapour 10
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