Use of urban and human waste in organic farming Phosphorus closing the circle! Dr. Stephanie Fischinger, R&D Bioland Mainz

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1 Use of urban and human waste in organic farming Phosphorus closing the circle! Dr. Stephanie Fischinger, R&D Bioland Mainz

2 Circular economy! Basic approach of organic farming Mind the gap! 2

3 Phosphorus of high importance for leguminous plants N 2 -fixation without P with P Clear tendency: decline of plant available Phosphorus in soils under organic farming! -60% N in the plant dm yield Römer, W., J. Gerke und P. Lehne 2004, 4

4 Possibilities to enhance phosphorus availability Chemical Synthetic fertilizers forbidden in Organic Farming! Use of animal manure Mobilization of soil phosphorus Rockphosphate (availability???) Meat- and bonemeal (EU-BIO) 5

5 Study in collaboration with Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Questionaire to farmers Ranking Jedelhauser, 2014 Criteria 1 absence of pollutans 2 effectiveness 3 energy consumption of production process 4 transparency of production process 5 price 6 throwing power 7 image 8 difference in appearance to conventional products 6

6 On the way to P-recycling fertilizer for organic farmers there is still a lot to do! Definition of criteria Evaluation of production processes/products Adaptaion of regulation? 7

7 C. Hoffmann award 2015 P-recycling products may contribute to save ressources and may help closing the circle. organic farming should keep an eye on these processes! Carlotta Hoffmann,

8 Opportunities for recovery & recycling of renewable nutrients from waste(water) in domestic nutrient cycles Dr. Christian Kabbe Organic Innovation Days Brussels, 1 /2 December 2015

9 The anthropogenic P-cycle Kabbe % fertilizer animal feed 225 million t P rock (global mining 2013, USGS 2015) Adapted from: /research/projects/phosphate-recovery/ceep11.htm Kabbe

10 Overview of P-recovery from wastewater technologies in Europe AirPrex Struvite PEARL/Wasstrip Struvite NuReSys Struvite Aqueous phase (dissolved P) PHOSPAQ Struvite FIX-PHOS CaP/CSH ANPHOS Struvite Grundfos Struvite REPHOS Struvite Crystalactor Struvite, CaP Wet sludge and liquor P-RoC CaP/CSH STRUVIA Struvite Ecobalans Struvite, NPK With enforced P dissolution Budenheim DCP LYSOGEST Struvite Gifhorn Struvite/CaP Stuttgart Struvite Sludge and sludge ash Acidic digestion /leaching Thermal Fert. Industry Mineral fertilizer ECOPHOS H 3 PO 4 /DCP MEPHREC P-slag THERMPHOS P 4 CleanMAP MAP/DAP TetraPhos H 3 PO 4 AshDec (Outotec) P-mineral RECOPHOS FP7 H 3 PO 4 /P 4 LEACHPHOS P-mineral RECOPHOS DE MCP PYREG P-mineral KUBOTA P-slag Full-scale Demo / Pilot Lab-scale

11 Overview and status of P-recovery from wastewater facilities in Europe Kabbe 2013, AirPrex Kabbe 2015 Kabbe 2015, AirPrex Kabbe et al. (2015): IFS proceedings 763

12 P recovery from sludge water Kabbe, AirPrex unit in Wassmannsdorf NuReSys The MAGIC of STRUVITE (MgNH 4 PO 4 x 6H 2 O)

13 Struvite is Struvite is Struvite (C. Dewaele) Advantage of crystallization: defined composition!

14 Quantification of environmental impacts of P recovery with Life Cycle Assessment Full LCA (ISO 14040/44) of all P recovery processes assessed in P-REX Input data transferred to reference model (1 Mio pe WWTP sludge line + mono-inc) Evaluation with selected environmental indicators (energy demand, global warming, eutrophication, resource depletion, human/ecotoxicity) High P recovery For specific conditions in Berlin WAS: -890 kg CO 2 /t struvite vs. conv. fossil based fertiliser! Sludge leaching Sludge metallurgic (stand-alone) Check ref model + data in P-REX fact sheets and D9.2! Low energy demand Liquor precipitation Ash treatment Direct precipitation in sludge Sludge metallurgic (integrated)

15 Risk assessment (D9.1) 1

16 Contaminants (different raw material sources) WHO-TEQ:

17 Normalized loads *atmospheric deposition in Germany for Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn ( ); PCDD/F & dl-pcb (2004); As ( ), Cd, Hg, Pb ( ); PAH (2010) 1

18 Status of recovery and recycling options Traditional (but not excl. innovation) Agricultural use of treated sewage sludge (currently 40% in EU average) Digestion, composting -> organo or organo-mineral fertiliser (heterogenious composition and plant availability (solubility) Decreasing acceptance, increasing consumer concerns Technical Recovery in WWTP as mineral like crystallized struvite (~ 15 running full-scale, providing environmental and economical benefits) -> defined comp. and plant availability, low water but high NAC solubility allows fertilization on demand Technical recovery outside WWTP mainly from sewage sludge ash -> various pilots (highest technical recovery potential) products like H 3 PO 4, DCP, struvite raw materials) -> mineral compounds All techn. recyclates provide risk reduction for env. and human health compared to fossil (sediment.) P rock and sewage sludge application

19 PHOSPHORUS RECYCLING FROM PROTOTYPE TO MARKET Thank you Think forward, act circular! Wisdom just written on paper will be ash one day; Only the wisdom applied will shape our future! Guess who The P-REX project has received funding from the European Union s Seventh Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration under Grant Agreement no.

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21 Rock phosphate?! coming along with several problems Uncertain plant availability Cadmium and Uranium contamination High energy consumption for mining and transport Undesired environmental impacts 24

22 Phosphorus-Flows in Germany? What do our farmers think about recycling P from wastewater? What are criteria for acceptance for these products? Karin Gethke-Albinus,

23 Study in collaboration with Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Figuring out criteria in local farmers groups Jedelhauser,