Harvest to Harvest. Recovering Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Organic Matter via New Sanitation Systems for Reuse in Urban Agriculture

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1 Harvest to Harvest Recovering Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Organic Matter via New Sanitation Systems for in Urban Agriculture Rosanne Wielemaker April 15, 2015

2 Cities: the problem INPUTS OUTPUTS CITY More than half of the world s population Hotspots for resource conversion High quality inputs; Low quality outputs Linear metabolism 2

3 Cities: the solution organic resources INPUTS OUTPUTS CITY inorganic resources Opportunity: link resource flows between urban functions (ie. Residential, commercial, industrial) Match input-output flows Circular metabolism 3

4 Urban Agriculture + New Sanitation Urban Agriculture New Sanitation Local food provisioning Community health Employment Temporary land-use Reusing waste Decentralized Source separated Small-scale infrastructure Reduce water use Resource recovery Demand: nutrients, water, and energy Supply: nutrients, water, and energy 4

Decentralized Source separated Small-scale infrastructure Reduce water use

5 Focus and Objectives Nutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Organic Matter (OM) Rotterdam, the Netherlands Domestic waste and wastewater Quantity and quality of demand and supply Objective 1: To determine appropriate systems for the recovery of nutrients and organic matter from urban residual streams for reuse in urban agriculture. Objective 2: To quantify the degree of self-sufficiency of resource flows of combined urban agriculture and new sanitation systems. 5

for the recovery of nutrients and organic matter from urban residual streams for reuse in urban agriculture.

6 Urban Harvest Approach A multi-scale approach For sustainable urban resource planning To increase resources self-sufficiency Via three management strategies Demand minimization Output minimization Multi-sourcing (Agudelo-Vera et. al. 2012) 6

self-sufficiency Via three management strategies Demand

7 Urban Harvest Approach 0) Baseline 1) Inpu Loss 2) Output Minimization 3) (adapted from Agudelo-Vera et. al. 2012) 7

8 Urban Harvest Approach 1) Demand Minimization t/b Loss 3) Multi-sourcing Multisource (adapted from Agudelo-Vera et. al. 2012) 8

9 Loss Urban Harvest Approach 2) Output Minimization 3) Multi-s Multisource t/b Loss (adapted from Agudelo-Vera et. al. 2012) 9

10 Loss Urban Harvest Approach 3) Multi-sourcing Multisource t/b Loss (adapted from Agudelo-Vera et. al. 2012) 10

11 Urban Harvest Approach 0) 0) 0) 0) Baseline Baseline 1) 1) 1) 1) Demand Demand Minimization Minimization t/b t/b t/b t/b Loss Loss Loss Loss 2) 2) 2) 2) Output Output Minimization Minimization 3) 3) 3) 3) Multi-sourcing Multi-sourcing Multisource Multisource t/b t/b t/b t/b t/b t/b t/b t/b Loss Loss Loss Loss 11

Output Output Minimization Minimization 3) 3) 3) 3) Multi-sourcing

12 Urban Agriculture Typologies Ground-based Uit Je Eigen Stad Rooftop De DakAkker 12

13 Baseline Minimized Demand Ground-based UA UA UIT JE EIGEN STAD Nutrient and Organic Matter Demand kg/ha/yr N total N available P 2 O 5 total P 2 O 5 available Organic Matter 3 TOTAL DEMAND UJES CONVENTIONAL NORMS AND REGULATIONS EQUILIBRIUM FERTILIZATION MINIMIZED DEMAND DMI N.A. 2% N.A. 85% 66% 13

DEMAND UJES 330.6 110.8 253.3 221.1 7861 CONVENTIONAL NORMS AND REGULATIONS - 178.

14 Concept 1 Feces, urine, kitchen: UASB+OLAND+struvite+sludge disinfection 14

15 Concept 2 Feces, urine: UASB+OLAND+struvite+sludge disinfection Kitchen, yard waste: composting 15

16 Concept 3 Feces, kitchen: UASB+OLAND+struvite+sludge disinfection Urine: storage 16

17 Concept 4a & 4b Urine: storage (a) or struvite precipitation (b) Kitchen, yard waste:composting 17

18 Matching the Demand DEMAND 1 ha N (available): kg/yr P (available): 14.2 kg/yr OM: kg/yr SUPPLY: Harvested Nutrients from New Sanitation Concepts per 1000 people Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Concept 4a Concept 4b p/ha N available P available OM kg/yr 18

0 kg/yr SUPPLY: Harvested Nutrients from New Sanitation Concepts per 1000 people

19 Self-Sufficiency per hectare DEMAND 1 ha N (available): kg/yr P (available): 14.2 kg/yr OM: kg/yr Self-Sufficiency Index SUPPLY p/ha N (available): 72.0 kg/yr P (available): 14.2 kg/yr OM: kg/yr N: 52.4% P: 100% OM: 4.3% 19

0 kg/yr Self-Sufficiency Index SUPPLY 3 24.

20 Case Study: Rotterdam Rotterdam population: 616,319 Recommended daily vegetable intake: 200g/p/d Yearly marketable harvest: 46,000kg/ha Therefore 980ha to feed Rotterdam 24,300 people needed (Concept 3) for 980ha 20

marketable harvest: 46,000kg/ha Therefore 980ha to

21 Best Concept for Rotterdam? DEMAND 980ha 1 N (available): kg/yr P (available): 14.2 kg/yr OM: kg/yr SUPPLY: Self-Sufficiency in N, P and OM for New Sanitation Concepts ,700 p/ha p Concept ,300 p/ha p Concept ,300 p/ha p ,900 p/ha p Concept 3 Concept 4a N available P available OM ,700 p/ha p Concept 4b % 21

22 Conclusion Urban agriculture over fertilizes phosphorus Need regulations? Equilibrium fertilization? Urban agriculture + new sanitation = Self-sufficiency 24.8 people/ha could gain 100% self-sufficiency in P Combination promising. Integration possible? 22

23 Further Research Input Welcome! Nutrient availability to plants The evaluation of NS concepts Criteria and indicators, cost-benefit Patterns at spatial and temporal scales Ex. Urine storage Interlinked resource flows Water and nutrients? Energy? Website:

Regional food systems in the Netherlands: the case of Rotterdam

Regional food systems in the Netherlands: the case of Rotterdam Nachhaltige Lebensmittelproduktion und versorgung in Städten Zurich 16-01-2015 Dr. Jan Willem van der Schans Jan-willem.vanderschans@wur.nl