+ - IONIC BONDING Outline: IONIC BONDING: Summary EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING. Na (metal) unstable. Cl (nonmetal) unstable
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1 IONIC BONDING Outline: Types of bonds: - Ionic - Covalent - Metallic - Seconday bonding Examples: - elation between bond enegy and popeties Summay Example: NaCl Na (metal) unstable Na (cation) stable electon + - Coulombic Attaction Occus between + and - ions. Requies electon tansfe. Lage diffeence in. equied. Cl (nonmetal) unstable Cl (anion) stable D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/1 D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/2 EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING Pedominant bonding in Ceamics NaCl MgO CaF2 CsCl IONIC BONDING: Summay Ionic: electon tansfe fom one atom (cation) to the othe (anion). Moe likely between atoms with lage electonegativity diffeences Typically found between metal and non-metal atoms: NaCl, KF, CsB, MgO Typical bonding enegies: 600 to 1500 KJ/mole (3 to 8 ev/atom) Typical chaacteistics of ionically-bonded mateials:. melting tempeatue ad Bittle... (electical and themal) Give up electons Acquie electons D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/3 D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/4
2 COVALENT BONDING EXAMPLES: COVALENT BONDING Requies shaed electons Example: C4 C: has 4 valence e, needs 4 moe : has 1 valence e, needs 1 moe Electonegativities ae compaable. C4 C shaed electons fom cabon atom Adapted fom Fig. 2.10, Calliste 6e. shaed electons fom hydogen atoms 2 2O C(diamond) SiC Molecules with nonmetals Molecules with metals and nonmetals Elemental solids (RS of Peiodic Table) Compound solids (about column IVA) column IVA C 2.5 Si Ge Sn Pb GaAs F2 Cl2 D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/5 D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/6 COVALENT BONDING: Summay Covalent: electon shaing between atoms each atom contibutes (at least) one electon to the bond Cabon: COVALENT BONDING: Summay Note how the shaing of electons acts to complete the filling of electonic states in each espective atom: 1s 2 (2s 2 2p 2 ) 1s 2 (2s 2 2p 6 ) Each atom ties to achieve a moe stable obital filling configuation Tends to be a highly diectional bond Gives ise to a fixed oientation of the atoms Shaed electons may be consideed to belong to each atom Difficult to assign geneal chaacteistics to covalently-bonded mateials: Bonds may be stong (diamond, T m > 3550 C) o weak (Bi, T m = 270 C) Mateials may be conductive (GaAs) o insulating (diamond) D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/7 D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/8
3 Ionic Chaacte MOST MATERIALS ARE NEITER 100% IONIC NOR 100% COVALENT 2 % ionic chaacte = [1 exp{ 0.25( X ) }] x 100% A X B METALLIC BONDING Aises fom a sea of donated valence electons (1, 2, o 3 fom each atom). whee X A, X B ae the electonegativities of the A and B atoms, espectively. Example: Compute the pecentage ionic chaacte of the inteatomic bonds fo TiO 2 and ZnTe. Fo TiO 2, X Ti = 1.5 and X O = 3.5, and theefoe, The electonegativities of the elements ae found in Figue 2.7 Adapted fom Fig. 2.11, Calliste 6e. Valence electons ae not bound to any specific atom but ae fee to dift thoughout the mateial Active bonding electons fom an electon sea Fo ZnTe, X Zn = 1.6 and X Te = 2.1, and theefoe, Pimay bond fo (not supisingly) metals and thei alloys D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/9 D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/10 METALLIC BONDING Metallic bonding can be eithe weak (68 kj/mole o 0.7 ev/atom fo g) o stong (850 kj/mole o 8.8 ev/atom fo W) Metallic bonding gives ise to high electical and themal conductivity Metallic bonding also gives ise to ductility (at least moe than in most covalent and ionic solids). Think about why this might be so?. The electons ae loosely held since each atom has seveal unoccupied valence obitals; it is elatively easy fo the electons to move about. In this manne the electons allow atoms to slide past each othe. Seconday Bonding Van de Waals bonding Bond enegy is vey weak compaed to othes Compae typical seconday bonding stengths (10 kj/mole) with typical pimay bonding stengths (50 to 1000 kj/mole) Exists between almost all atoms and molecules Aise fom atomic o molecula dipoles Physical bonds, not chemical D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/11 D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/12
4 F F Seconday Bonding Themal vibation fluctuations can disupt chage symmety which leads to a dipole. The pesence of one dipole can induce a dipole in an adjacent molecule (o atom) and so on. PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: T M Bond length, Melting Tempeatue, Tm Enegy () Pola molecule induced dipoles & hydogen bonding Due to pemanent dipole moments in molecules Unshielded, bae poton in - O, -F and -N bonds lead to stong, hydogen bonding ydogen bonding is a special case of seconday bonding. The hydogen bond is geneally stonge than.. Bond enegy, Eo Enegy () unstetched length o Eo= bond enegy o smalle T m lage T m Tm is lage if Eo is lage. D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/13 D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/14 Elastic modulus, E PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: E length, Lo undefomed defomed coss sectional aea Ao F F A = E o L o Elastic modulus PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: Coefficient of themal expansion, length, Lo unheated, T 1 heated, T 2 coeff. themal expansion Lo = (T 2 -T 1 ) Enegy Enegy unstetched length o E is lage if Eo is lage. o is lage if Eo is smalle. smalle Elastic Modulus lage lage Elastic Modulus smalle D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/15 D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/16
5 State as function of bonding enegy Solid (.) Liquid (. ) Gaseous (..) Bond Enegy The highe the bond enegy. the melting tempeatue. the hadness. etc A compaison of the type of bonding found in diffeent mateials: Fo bass, the bonding is.. Bonding Types: Summay since it is a metal alloy. Fo ubbe, the bonding is with some. Rubbe is composed pimaily of cabon and hydogen atoms Fo BaS, the bonding is pedominantly.. (but with some covalent chaacte) on the basis of the elative positions of Ba and S in the peiodic table. Fo solid xenon, the bonding is. since xenon is an inet gas. Fo nylon, the bonding is.. with pehaps some.. Nylon is composed pimaily of cabon and hydogen seconday bonding Fo AlP the bonding is pedominantly (but with some ionic chaacte) on the basis of the elative positions of Al and P in the peiodic table. D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/17 D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/18 Next time: Cystal stuctue, lattice diections and planes D. M. Medaj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concodia Univesity Mech 221 lectue 3/19
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