Personality Theory and Assessment Notes: Personality: A person s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns the consistency of who you are, who
|
|
- Verity Snow
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Personality Theory and Assessment Notes: Personality: A person s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns the consistency of who you are, who you have been, and who you will become. This chapter is very heavy on terminology Character: Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; a person s desirable or undesirable qualities Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality. Includes sensitivity, moods, irritability and adaptability Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person shows in most situations Personality Type: People who have several traits in common Common Traits: Characteristics shared by most members of a culture Individual Traits: Define a person s unique individual qualities Cardinal Traits: Are so basic that all of a person s activities can be traced back to the trait Central Traits: Core traits of a personality Secondary Traits: Inconsistent or superficial traits Source Traits: Underlying traits of a personality Behavioral Personality Theory: Model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior Learning Theorist: Believes that learning shapes our behavior and explains personality
2 SIGMUND FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS Psychoanalysis is the term Freud used for his theory of personality and his therapy for the treatment of psychological disorders. The three levels of awareness in consciousness are the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. The id is the primitive, unconscious part of the personality, which contains the instincts and operates on the pleasure principle. The ego is the rational, largely conscious system, which operates according to the reality principle. The superego is the moral system of the personality, consisting of the conscience and the ego ideal. A defense mechanism is an unconscious, irrational means that the ego uses to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem; it involves self-deception and the distortion of reality. We talked about this a little bit in the last lesson. Through repression, (1) painful memories, thoughts, ideas, or perceptions are involuntarily removed from consciousness, and (2) disturbing sexual or aggressive impulses are prevented from breaking into consciousness. Freud believed that the sexual instinct is present at birth and develops through a series of psychosexual stages, and providing the driving force for all feelings and behaviors. The stages are the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage (followed by the latency period), and genital stage. During the phallic stage, girls and boys develop their gender identity. He also believed that girls have penis envy that they feel inferior because they don t have a penis. Okay, you can all stop laughing now! It sounds pretty silly to me, too.
3 The Oedipus complex, occurring in the phallic stage, is a conflict in which the child is sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent and feels hostility toward the same-sex parent. I always wondered what his relationship with his mother was like! Freud was a Viennese (Vienna is in Austria the hills are alive ) physician who thought his patients problems were more emotional than physical. He began his work by using hypnosis and eventually switched to psychoanalysis. He emphasized unconscious forces and conflicts. Freud used cocaine and tobacco and died from oral cancer. More than 100 years later his work is still influential and very controversial. Sigmund Freud thought almost everything revolved around sex! Since he postulated his theories so long ago, take them with a grain of salt.
4 Levels of Consciousness In Freud s view, the mind functions on three levels. The conscious level is somewhat like short-term or working memory. It includes all the thoughts and feelings we are currently experiencing. The preconscious contains everything we know and feel but are not currently thinking about or experiencing. An important point is that we have ready access to the preconscious. By contrast, the unconscious includes knowledge and feelings that are not readily accessible. Information and emotions are held in the unconscious, Freud claimed, when they are too threatening or unpleasant for us to face. Id, Ego, and Superego The three parts of personality in Freud s theory are the id, ego, and superego, represented by the mostly submerged iceberg above. Id (operates on pleasure principle). The id, present at birth, is entirely unconscious, consists of primary drives and emotions, and is self-serving and irrational. It operates according to the pleasure principle (primary process thinking). This is where uncontrollable rage and lust reside. It wishes to have it s desires satisfied NOW, without waiting and regardless of the consequences. Ego (makes rational decisions). The ego, developed in the first two years of life, is conscious and rational. Its job is to satisfy the needs of the id without regard to the needs of others or the standards of society. Thus, the ego operates according to the reality principle (secondary process thinking).
5 Superego (conscience or moral self). The superego represents the moral standards of the larger culture and develops between ages 3 and 6. It includes the conscience ( thou shalt not ) and ego ideal ( thou shalt ). Violations of the conscience result in guilt, while violations of the ego ideal produce shame. Obedience to both produces pride. Through its ability to induce the id to experience unpleasant (guilt and shame) and pleasant (pride) emotions, the superego is able to regulate the behavior of the ego. The ego s responsibility is to keep the id happy. For instance, stealing food might satisfy the id s hunger, but it would also cause the id to experience guilt and shame. The ego has to balance the id s primary drives against its capacity to experience moral emotions. However, a superego that is too strict can cause the id to feel unnecessary guilt or shame. Likewise, a superego that is too lax can result in excessive antisocial behavior. Here is a story to illustrate this... The setting of the story is a bar where a person sees an attractive member of the opposite sex. The id wants sexual gratification right then and there, no matter what the consequences. The superego, of course, prohibits it because it is wrong. The ego, working to satisfy the id, must develop a strategy that acknowledges the constraints of reality. Therefore, the ego has a plan to ask the person to dance, buy the person a drink, or start up a conversation with an opening line. Freud's interpretation of this dilemma would involve the id pushing for sexual activity at any opportunity, while the superego favors abstinence because of parental, society, and religious influences. Freud would further interpret this situation as the ego being caught in the middle of this conflict, with strong pressures both to engage in and to avoid sexual behavior. He ego is always caught in the middle of battles between superego s desires for moral behavior and the id s desires for immediate gratification. Drive: Any stimulus strong enough to goad a person into action (like hunger) Neurotic Anxiety: Caused by id impulses that the ego can barely control Moral Anxiety: Comes from threats of punishment from the superego
6 Defense Mechanisms According to Freud, the ego devises cognitive strategies for coping with unpleasant emotions in the id. He called these strategies defense mechanisms. The chart shows the main eight mechanisms, but, in fact there are many. If you d like to learn more, see this website:
7 Psychosexual Stages Freud claimed that psychosexual development proceeds in stages. In each stage, the libido (desire for physical pleasure) is focused on a different part of the body. The stages take their names from the respective body parts on which each focuses: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. The one stage that doesn t fit the naming pattern is latency. In addition to deriving pleasure from a particular body part, each stage has an associated developmental task which is the basis for a conflict between the desires of the id and the demands of society. When the task is accomplished poorly, fixation (age-inappropriate behaviors) result. Everyone goes through same stages in same order. The majority of personality traits are formed before age 6. Oral Stage: Ages 0-1. Most of infant s pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth. If a child is overfed or frustrated, oral traits will develop. Oral Dependent Personality: Gullible, passive and need lots of attention. Fixations create oral-aggressive adults who like to argue and exploit others. Anal Stage: Ages 1-3. Attention turns to process of elimination (urination and defecation). Child can gain approval or express aggression by letting go or holding on. Ego develops. Harsh or lenient toilet training can lead to: Anal Retentive: Stubborn, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean. Anal Expulsive: Disorderly, messy, destructive, or cruel. The Odd Couple seems to be based on these anal personality types!
8 Phallic Stage: Ages 3-6. Child now notices and is physically attracted to opposite sex parent. Can lead to: Oedipus Conflict: For boys only. Boy feels rivalry with his father for mother s affection. Boy may feel threatened by father (castration anxiety he s afraid his father will punish him by cutting off his penis!). To resolve, boy must identify with his father, i.e. become more like him and adopting his heterosexual beliefs. Electra Conflict: Girl loves her father and competes with her mother. Girl identifies with her mother more slowly because she already feels castrated (penis envy). Both concepts are widely rejected today by most psychologists. But we still use the phrases mama s boy and daddy s girl. Latency: Ages 6-Puberty. The libido is latent, or hidden, during this stage as children focus on identifying with same-sex peers. Genital Stage: Puberty-on. Realization of full adult sexuality occurs here; sexual urges re-awaken. So It should be pointed out that Freud does not loom as large today as in decades past. But even though Freud was said to be intolerant toward any diversity of perspectives on psychoanalysis (Slipp, 1999), he has been a towering figure in the world of psychology. Even today when members of the general public are asked to name a famous psychologist, it is still Freud's name that most readily comes to mind (Stanovich, 1996). Psychodynamic personality theories have been soundly criticized by behaviorist and others as lacking testability, being based on inadequate evidence, and being sexist. Why, despite these criticisms, do you think the psychodynamic approach has been such a powerful force in psychology? Psychology often portrays itself as scientific, so how can it use these unscientific therapy methods? Erogenous Zone: Area on body capable of producing pleasure Fixation: Unresolved conflict or emotional hang-up caused by overindulgence or frustration
9 The next three slides will address the Neo-Freudians, the theorists who took Freud s theories and saw them with a new perspective. Freud disagreed with them, but many people today find they resonate more closely than Freud did. Carl Jung Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist, believed that we are one of two personality types: Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is focused inward Extrovert: Bold outgoing person whose attention is directed outward Jung conceived of the personality as having three parts: the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. Ego: conscious component of the personality. Personal Unconscious: develops from one s own experience. Collective Unconscious: contains universal experiences from humankind. This would include a universal fear of snakes, for example. The Collective Unconscious was the subject of the movie Altered States (1980) with William Hurt. Jung s work has an Eastern philosophy feel to it very different from the Westernized view of Freud.
10 Archetypes and Heroes According to Jung, one important influence on personality is the archetype (inherited tendency to respond to situations in specific ways). One such tendency is the need to have heroes. The Star Wars movies borrowed heavily from Jung s archetypes: The Reluctant Hero (Han Solo), The Sage (Obi Wan), The Prodigy (Luke), and The Shadow (Darth Vader). Terms Persona: Mask or public self presented to others Anima: Archetype representing female principle, which resides in both men and women Animus: Archetype representing male principle, which resides in both men and women Mandala: Circular design representing balance, unity and completion, which is symbolized in every culture. Seen in the yin/yang symbol. Can mean the balance of the anima and animus, the balance of good and evil, or any set of opposites. Self Archetype: Represents unity and balance
11 Alfred Adler disagreed with Freud s emphasis on unconscious and on importance of sexuality. He claimed that the predominant force of the personality is the drive to overcome and compensate for feelings of weakness and inferiority and to strive for superiority or significance. See the visualizaion of his theory at Adler Institute. Organ Inferiorities: Physiological defects that can trigger strong feelings of inferiority. In other words, you feel self-conscious about a scar, big nose, or small breasts. Inferiority complex. Exaggerated and pathological feelings of weakness, including belief that one can not overcome one's difficulties through appropriate effort. This goes beyond simply feeling inferior, which is normal and everyone has inevitable feelings of weakness, resulting from our helplessness during childhood. Compensation: The process of overcoming real or imagined inferiority through effort and practice, or by developing abilities in different areas. Positive Compensation: always healthy, and within a larger social context. Overcompensation: carried to an extreme. Unproductive for the individual or society. Superiority complex. A false feeling of power & security that invariably conceals an underlying inferiority complex. From attempt to evade one's problems rather than face them. Individual develops own Style of Life. Check out the link to the Adler Institute for a nice graphic and description of his Style of Life Tree. The unique ("Individual") mode of adjustment to life that influences almost everything a person does. Creative Self. Humans create their personalities through choices and experiences. Adler does not have a stage approach. He says that adult lifestyles are influenced by temperament, family atmosphere, and birth order. We all strive for Superiority, the basic drive to help us towards perfection.
12 1. Karen Horney turned Freud s theories upside down. Where Freud s theories were phallocentric (centered on the penis), Horney s theories were considered gynocentric (centered on the womb). She took issue with Freud's sexist view of women and added the feminine dimension to the world of psychology. Horney introduced the notion of parental influence into psychological development. Centered on neurotic personality and feminine psychology. Believed that men and women, to be psychologically healthy, had to learn to overcome the irrational belief about the need for perfection. 2. Nancy Chodorow emphasized the mother-child bond as central to development. 3. Ellyn Kaschak also tried to find a new perspective on Freud s theories. Rather than focus on the male point of view in the Oedipal complex, she looked at Oedipus daughter Antigone (who gave up her own needs to care for her blind father) as an archetype of women.
13 B. F. Skinner and Free Will An ongoing debate in psychology concerns just who or what is in control of our behavior. This debate has been contested since the 1920s. Skinner places control in the environment, asserting that free will or self-control is an illusion. Do we have control of our behavior? If not, what is difference between humans and animals or plants? Albert Bandura Reciprocal determinism. The environment, our behavior, and our own expectations affect each other it s hard to tell where the cause is, and where the effect is. Self-efficacy. The degree to which we believe we can control the outcome of a situation. How much control do you have over your behavior and your environment? Julian Rotter According to Rotter, people with an internal locus of control see themselves as primarily in control of their behavior and its consequences; those with an external locus of control believe their destiny is in the hands of fate, luck, or chance.
14 Humanistic Personality Theories Humanistic theories are similar to those of the psychoanalysts in that these theories assume that inner conflicts influence personality. However, the humanistic approach emphasizes the adaptive function of conflicts, rather than their capacity for producing mental illness. Humanistic personality theories have been soundly criticized by behaviorists and others as lacking testability, being based on inadequate evidence, and being sexist. Why, despite these criticisms, do you think the humanistic approach has been such a powerful force in psychology? Are theories that purport effective use in therapeutic settings and that offer insights into behavior appropriate subject matter for psychology? Psychology often portrays itself as scientific, but then how can it use these unscientific therapy methods? Abraham Maslow Self-actualization means developing to one's fullest potential. It is goal that is strived for, but rarely reached. Abraham Maslow said about peak experiences: I would like you to think of the most wonderful experiences of your life; happiest moments, ecstatic moments, moments of rapture, perhaps from being in love, or from listening to music or suddenly being hit by a book or painting, or from some great creative moment. First list these. And then try to tell me how you feel in such acute moments, how you feel differently from the way you feel at other times, how you are at the moment a different person in some ways. (Maslow, 1962, p. 67) Carl Rogers Individuals often do not become fully functioning persons, because in childhood, they did not receive unconditional positive regard from their parents. To gain positive regard, they had to meet their parents' conditions of worth. Rogers used this concept to develop his person-centered therapy the client feels unconditional positive regard from the therapist, and is free and safe to explore the self. Self-Concept: Person s perception of his or her personality traits, which shapes our subjective world; it guides what we pay attention to, remember and think about. Self-Esteem: A positive evaluation of oneself; regarding oneself as a worthwhile person
15 TRAIT THEORIES Okay, admit it. There are too many theories! You re right. I m going to skim over the next few Trait theories of personality are attempts to explain personality and differences between people in terms of their personal characteristics. Allport defined a cardinal trait as a personal quality that is so strong a part of a person's personality that he or she may become identified with that trait or known for it. A central trait is the type you might mention when writing a letter of recommendation. Cattell used the term surface traits to refer to observable qualities of personality. Source traits underlie the surface traits, make up the most basic personality structure, and cause behavior. Click on Cattell s linked name on the slide to see a chart. Eysenck considers the two most important dimensions of personality to be Extroversion (extroversion versus introversion) and Neuroticism (emotional stability versus instability). Click on Eysenck s linked name on the slide to see a chart. According to McCrae and Costa, the Big Five factors are Neuroticism, Extroversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Openness to Experience. Click on McCrae and Costa s linked names on the slide to see a chart.
16 Self Image This graphic illustrates incongruence: how we often have different ideas about who we are (true self), who we think we are (self-image), and who we wish we were (ideal self). Congruence is a merging of these selves : we are who we want to be. Genetic Influences on Personality Research has sought to establish biological links to a number of personality variables. For example, the gender and hormonal differences associated with aggression strongly hint that aggression has a biological link. There are many more indications of biological influences on personality than were previously thought. Personality and Culture Whatever a person s genetic make-up, different cultures encourage and discourage the exhibition of different traits. For example, the Japanese concept of amae refers to the dependence on or the presumption of the benevolence of another (Takeo Doi, 1962). This concept describes the attitude of children toward parents or between husband and wife. Apparently this concept governs much of the family interdependence and the respect of elders that typifies Japanese family life. Japanese workers have a devotion to their employers that is governed by this same pattern. However, there is also strong evidence for some degree of universality in personality, especially with regard to the Big Five. Recent studies of McCrae and Costa and their
17 colleagues have found that even changes in the strength of some personality factors that are related to maturity seem to be universal. Some 7,360 subjects from five cultures as diverse as Croatia, Italy, Germany, Portugal and South Korea were found to undergo changes in the relative strength of neuroticism, extroversion and openness, all of which tended to weaken between college age and middle adulthood. During the same period, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness strengthened somewhat. Similar maturational or age related changes were also reported for subjects in the United States (McCrea et al, 2000). Critics of personality theories point out that psychologists ideas about and methods of assessing personality are themselves culture-bound. How do you think Freud's ideas might have been influenced by 19th century Victorian culture with its strict prohibitions regarding discussions of sexuality? An emphasis on traits appears to be particularly Western; other cultural perspectives emphasize context far more than American and European psychologists do (Hall, 1996). The cultural dimension known as individualism/collectivism is associated with personality. Individualist cultures encourage people to be view themselves as separate from others and to value independence and assertiveness. Collectivist cultures emphasize social connectedness among people and encourage individuals to define themselves in terms of their social relationships.
18 Personality Assessment Methods Personality assessment methods include observation (including structured observations such as interviews and surveys), inventories, and projective tests. Cultural bias is as an important factor in personality assessment just as it is in the measurement of cognitive abilities. For instance, there is a small but growing amount of literature showing how personality assessment of multilingual people differs according to the language in which the test is taken. For instance, an individual who speaks Spanish and English might score at the introversion end of the extroversion-introversion scale on a test written in Spanish and in the opposite direction when tested in English. The reasons for such variations remain unclear. Such findings challenge our traditional notions of personality by suggesting that there is not necessarily a "core" to personality that produces stability and consistency in other cultures as it does in ours. This notion is compounded by the fact that monolingual Americans are the minority in the world in their ability to speak only one language. If people from other cultures can speak multiple languages, this points to the possibility of personality being a relatively fluid and dynamic entity, shifting and changing as languages, and presumably underlying culture, changes. See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for an example. Structured Interview A structured interview is a one-on-one, face-to-face meeting designed to gain information about someone s personality, current psychological state, or personal history. Diagnoses may be subject to interviewer bias; if the interviewer has a preconceived idea about the client/patient, the diagnosis may be inaccurate. Unstructured Interview: Conversation is informal and topics are discussed as they arise
19 Structured Interview: Follows a pre-arranged plan, using a series of planned questions Diagnostic Interview: Used to find out how someone is feeling and what complaints or symptoms someone has Direct Observation: Looking at behavior directly Personality Inventories An inventory is a paper-and-pencil test (or computerized test) with questions about a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, which can be scored according to a standard procedure. Personality inventories are extremely common. You may have completed one as part of a preemployment screening process. Some inventories, notably the MMPI-2, are designed to assess psychopathology (abnormality). Others, such as the CPI, measure differences in normal traits. Ethical standards require that psychologists use a personality measure that is appropriate for the decision it informs. However, judgments about personality cannot be based on a single test. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). The MMPI-2 is designed to screen and diagnose psychiatric problems. Validity Scales: Scales (like on the MMPI-2) that tell whether test scores should be invalidated for lying, inconsistency, or faking good (trying to make yourself look good, almost angelic). Click on the MMPI link on the slide to see a profile. California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is designed to assess the normal personality. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) measures personality on four scales: introversion/extroversion, intuitive/sensing, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceptive. Try the online test on the Activity page! Honesty Test: Paper and pencil measure designed to detect attitudes, beliefs and behavior patterns that predispose a person to dishonest behavior. Projective Tests In a projective test, people respond to inkblots, drawings of ambiguous human situations, incomplete sentences, and the like by projecting their own inner thoughts, feelings, fears, or conflicts onto the test materials. Two popular tests are the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) and the Rorschach Inkblot Method. The Rorschach uses abstract inkblots such as the one shown in Figure 11.5 on page 331. Psychologists must be very experienced in the use of projective techniques to use them effectively. They cannot be used for definitive diagnoses of disorders or assessments of normal personality traits. Instead, they help psychologists identify themes that are important to patients. As such, they provide therapists with clues about what kinds of other assessments or therapeutic techniques may be helpful. Rorschach Technique: Developed by Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach; contains 10 standardized inkblots Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Developed by Henry Murray, personality theorist. Projective device consisting of 20 drawings (black and white) of various situations; client/patient must make up stories about the drawings. Behavioral Assessment: Recording the frequency of various behaviors Situational Test: Real life situations are simulated so that someone s spontaneous reactions can be recorded Halo Effect: Tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable first impression to unrelated details of personality (Make a good first impression!)
PERSONALITY. Fast Track Chapter 10 (Bernstein Chapter 14)
PERSONALITY Fast Track Chapter 10 (Bernstein Chapter 14) PERSONALITY the unique and consistent pattern of behavior, thinking, and feeling that makes up an individual Major Research Approaches Psychodynamic
More informationWhat is Personality? How do you define personality? CLASS OBJECTIVES 4/10/2009. Chapter 12 Personality and its assessment. What is personality?
What is Personality? Chapter 12 Personality and its assessment CLASS OBJECTIVES What is personality? How does our personality develop? What would Freud say? Other theories of personality How do you define
More informationPersonality & Its Assessment
Personality & Its Assessment Dr Elena Gregoria Chai Chin Fern Faculty of Social Sciences Universiti Malaysia Sarawak This OpenCourseWare@UNIMAS and its related course materials are licensed under a Creative
More informationVisualizing Psychology
Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 12: Personality Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College Lecture Overview Trait
More informationChapter 10 Personality Name Period Date. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Chapter 10 Personality Name Period Date MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The BEST kind of personality test is one that is. A) both
More informationPersonality: Vive la Difference!
Personality: Vive la Difference! 11 What Is Personality? A set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive tendencies that people display over time and across situations What are some terms you use to describe
More informationPsychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Psychic determinism This principle holds that in all mental functioning nothing happens by chance. Everything a person feels, thinks, fantasizes, dreams,
More informationPERSONALITY PSYCHOANALYTIC TRAIT HUMANISTIC SOCIAL-COGNITION. Individual s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
PERSONALITY PSYCHOANALYTIC TRAIT HUMANISTIC SOCIAL-COGNITION Individual s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting PSYCHOANALYTIC Zeitgeist Spirit of the Times Sigmund Freud Brain is the
More informationCHAPTER 12 - PERSONALITY - EXAM
CHAPTER 12 - PERSONALITY - EXAM Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A durable disposition or tendency to behave in a particular
More informationOkami Study Guide: Chapter 12
1 Chapter Test 1. People are not merely a random collection of traits, meaning that people s personalities are a. integrated b. organized c. enduring d. transient Answer: B difficulty: 1 conceptual 2.
More informationI. Introduction: What Is Personality? A. Personality is an individual s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
I. Introduction: What Is Personality? A. Personality is an individual s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. B. A personality theory is a theory that attempts to
More informationWhat Is Personality?
What Is Personality? Personality is an individual s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits. A personality trait is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.
More informationI have no desire at all to leave psychology hanging in the air with no organic basis. But, beyond a feeling of conviction [that there must be such a
I have no desire at all to leave psychology hanging in the air with no organic basis. But, beyond a feeling of conviction [that there must be such a basis], I have nothing, either theoretical or therapeutic,
More informationPersonality CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER OUTLINE
CHAPTER 11 Personality CHAPTER OUTLINE Personality is the unique pattern of enduring thoughts, feelings and actions that characterize a person. I. THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH How did paralyzed patients
More informationWhat is the Humanist Perspective? What are the key ideas in the Humanistic perspective of personality?
What is the Humanist Perspective? LP 13C Humanist Perspective 1 What are the key ideas in the Humanistic perspective of personality? Differences with the Psychoanalysts: Humanists focus on the healthy
More informationPERSONALITY THEORIES. Every one of us shares many things with others. However, apart from commonalities MODULE-IV OBJECTIVES. Personality Theories
Personality Theories MODULE-IV 18 PERSONALITY THEORIES Every one of us shares many things with others. However, apart from commonalities we also find that people are different in the way they appear and
More informationPsychology 305A: Lecture 5. Freud Part 2
Psychology 305A: Lecture 5 Freud Part 2 1 Freudian Theory of Personality 2 Psychoanalytic Theory: Basic Assumptions 1. Psychological Determinism Life/sex instinct Death/aggression instinct 2. Importance
More informationGeneral Psychology Notes - Theories of Personality
General Psychology Notes - Theories of Personality These are general notes designed to assist students who are regularly attending class and reading assigned material: they are supplemental rather than
More informationFreud and Personality
Psychology Psychoanalysis 01 Notes Freud and Personality The psychoanalytical perspective in psychology examines personality traits and disorders in terms of sexual and/or aggressive drives or unfilled
More informationSlide 1: What is Personality? What do you think? Personality- an individuals unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits (& feelings).
Slide 1: What is? What do you think? - an individuals unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits (& feelings). Traits- a disposition to behave in a particular way across a variety of of situation.
More information15: Personality CHAPTER PREVIEW CHAPTER GUIDE
15: Personality CHAPTER PREVIEW Personality is one s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Sigmund Freud, in his psychoanalytic perspective, proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious
More informationCHAPTER. Personality. Preview
CHAPTER 14 Personality Preview Personality is one s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Psychodynamic theories focus on the unconscious and early childhood experiences. Sigmund Freud,
More informationPsychodynamic Approach Assumptions
If you know very little about psychology, and you have heard of just one psychologist, the chances are that this is Sigmund Freud, the founder of the psychodynamic approach to psychology and psychoanalysis.
More information(( Typical Personality in University Lecturer ))
(( Typical Personality in University Lecturer )) Prof. Yousif Hama Salih Mustafa Ph.D. in psychology (personality and mental health) Salahaddin university E-mail: yousifhsm@gmail.com Mob: 07504514924 June
More informationPsychological Models of Abnormality
Several Different Models Psychological Models of Abnormality Psychoanalytic Models Learning Models Cognitive Models Psychology 311 Abnormal Psychology Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides
More informationCHAPTER 10 : PERSONALITY/MIDTERMS
CHAPTER 10 : PERSONALITY/MIDTERMS 1/17 overview/psychodynamic theories 334-343 Homework: read & outline text pages above Lecture 1/18 - Humanistic personality theories/trait theories 344-350 Homework:
More informationChapter 9. Personality
Chapter 9 Personality Outline I. Introducing Personality Theories A. A theory is an organized collection of testable ideas used to explain a particular subject matter. B. Personality includes the affects,
More informationPsychodynamic Approach
Psychodynamic Approach LP 12D Freud/defense mech 1 Psychodynamic: An approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings and desires largely operating outside of awareness motives that can
More informationPsychodynamic Psychotherapy Deborah L. Cabaniss, M.D.
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Deborah L. Cabaniss, M.D. I. Definitions A. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is the umbrella term for a number of therapies that aim at treating problems that affect the mind (psyche).
More informationPsychodynamic Workbook
Psychodynamic Workbook Name: Group: Exam Dates: King Edward VI Psychology Department 1 Contents Specification... 3 Psychodynamic Approach... 5 Content Personality... 8 Content Psychosexual development...
More informationChapter 13 online insight and behavior therapies pgs 424-433 Name Period Date
Chapter 13 online insight and behavior therapies pgs 424-433 Name Period Date MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The major goal of
More informationName Chapter 1--Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis Description Instructions
Name Chapter 1--Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis Description Instructions Modify Question 1 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question The major influence on contemporary personality theory is John B.
More informationpsychology the science of psychology CHAPTER third edition Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
psychology third edition CHAPTER 1 the science of psychology Learning Objectives LO 1.1 Definition and Goals of Psychology LO 1.2 Structuralism and Functionalism LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and
More informationAdlerian Psychotherapy. Prioritizing relationships
Adlerian Psychotherapy Prioritizing relationships Adlerian Theory History of Adlerian Theory Inspired by Freudian psychoanalysis. Founded by Alfred Adler, championed in America by Rudolf Dreikurs. Dissemination
More informationThe Psychodynamic Approach
The Psychodynamic Approach Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Freud was born in Frieburg, Moravia (now Pribor in the Czech Republic) Freud s background Born to Jacob (who was 40 years old) and Amalie (20 years
More information117 118, 123, 125, 130 131, 133)
Samples_PDPS_pms_540.qxd 4/19/06 10:05 AM Page 122 CH A P T E R O B J E C T I V E S R E V I E W After reading this chapter, you should understand the chapter objectives. The objectives are listed below
More informationDrug-Addicted behaviors under Psychodynamic-Perspective
Drug-Addicted behaviors under Psychodynamic-Perspective Mr.Phaitoon Sangpoom Office of the Royal Development Projects Board Introduction Understanding and studying about factors that influence a person
More informationPERSONALITY THEORY PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL
PERSONALITY THEORY Personality includes the unique pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics that distinguishes each of us from everyone else. Personality characteristics are relatively stable
More informationCOMPETENCY 1.0 Understand human development from early childhood to adulthood. Major Theories of Social and Personality Development
Subarea: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING COMPETENCY 1.0 Understand human development from early childhood to adulthood SKILL 1.1 Major Theories of Social and Personality Development There are many theories
More informationGCSE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2 SEX AND GENDER REVISION
GCSE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2 SEX AND GENDER REVISION GCSE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2 SEX AND GENDER IDENTITY SEX IDENTITY AND GENDER IDENTITY SEX IDENTITY = a biological term. A child s sex can be identified by their
More informationWhat is Psychology? A set of questions about mental functioning trace back to philosophy Aristotle asked about memory, personality, emotions, etc.
What is? The science of behavior and the mind behavior - observable actions of a person or animal mind - thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences
More informationChapter 2. Communication & Identity
Chapter 2 Communication & Identity Communication & the Self Self-concept > stable perceptions about yourself Self-esteem > evaluation of self-worth Think well of others Doesn t guarantee interpersonal
More informationPsychosexual Development: Freudian Concept
180 Introduction to Social Work 23 Psychosexual Development: Freudian Concept Introduction * Tomy Philip The theory of psychosexual development, also known as theory of libidinal development, is one of
More informationThe Social Cognitive perspective and Albert Bandura
LP 11D Social Cog/Trait 1 The Social Cognitive perspective and Albert Bandura For more information on Albert Bandura and the Social Cognitive Perspective, see Chapter 5: Learning and Chapter 8: Motivation
More informationPERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 348 CHAPTER OUTLINE module 29 Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality Freud s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts:
More informationErik Erikson (1950, 1963) does not talk about psychosexual Stages, he discusses psychosocial stages.
Psychodynamic Psyche Psychosexual Stages Unconscious Mind Home Developmental Psychology Erik Erikson Erik Erikson by Saul McLeod published 2008, updated 2013 Erik Erikson (1950, 1963) does not talk about
More informationChapter 1. Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context
Chapter 1 Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Myths and Misconceptions About Abnormal Behavior No Single Definition of Psychological Normality No Single Definition of Psychological Abnormality Differences
More informationPSYCHOTHERAPY. MODULE -V Social and Applied Psychology OBJECTIVES 24.1 MEDICAL MODEL. Psychotherapy. Notes
MODULE -V Psychotherapy 24 PSYCHOTHERAPY In the previous lesson, you were told about psychological disorders. Psychologists have tried to understand the causes of abnormal behaviour, and the best way to
More informationPsychoanalytic Social Theory Karen Horney
Psychoanalytic Social Theory Karen Horney Psychoanalytic Social Theory is built on the assumption that social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences, are largely responsible for shaping
More informationThe Psychology of Personality
LP 13A intro 1 The Psychology of Personality Personality: The characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances
More informationHistory/Approaches. 1. A cognitive psychologist would likely be most interested in
History/Approaches 1. A cognitive psychologist would likely be most interested in (A). concentration of neutral transmitters in the spinal cord (B). unconditional positive regard in the therapeutic setting
More informationKey ideas of psychoanalysis Internal structure
Key ideas of psychoanalysis The aim is to find out what s really going on in the hidden, unconscious recesses of the mind Psychic determinism Determinism is the idea that everything that happens has a
More informationSTRUCTURALISM: Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener
STRUCTURALISM: Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Established first first Psychology Lab Lab in in Germany. Defined psychology as as the the science
More informationChapter Five Socialization. Human Development: Biology and Society. Social Isolation
Chapter Five Socialization Socialization is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identify and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival
More informationBASICS OF PSYCHOLOGY. A Brief History of Psychology. B. The Emergence of Psychology. A. Before Psychology
BASICS OF PSYCHOLOGY A brief history of psychology A. before psychology B. the emergence of psychology C. early schools of psychology Theoretical approaches (Disciplines/Schools) Behaviourist Psychodynamic
More informationRestorative Parenting: A Group Facilitation Curriculum Activities Dave Mathews, Psy.D., LICSW
Restorative Parenting: A Group Facilitation Curriculum Activities Dave Mathews, Psy.D., LICSW RP Activities 1. Framework of Resourcefulness 2. Identifying the Broken Contract Articles 3. The Process of
More informationCamden County Technical School Hudson County Career Academy Matawan Regional High School Sterling Regional High School Winslow Township High School
A SPOTLIGHT LESSONS FROM NEW JERSEY EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT & SERVICES PILOTS SUMMER CURRICULUM INSTITUTE AUGUST 6,2014 HUMAN SERVICES CAREER CLUSTER EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT & SERVICES PATHWAY
More informationPATIENTS LIKE TO BE DEEPLY UNDERSTOOD
The Compass - Page 29-32 Summer/Fall 2009 Compass interview with Robert M. Gordon, Ph.D.* PATIENTS LIKE TO BE DEEPLY UNDERSTOOD Robert M. Gordon, Ph.D., is a psychologist and psychoanalyst in Allentown,
More informationThe Life Story Interview
The Life Story Interview Dan P. McAdams, Northwestern University Revised 1995 Introductory Comments This is an interview about the story of your life. We are asking you to play the role of storyteller
More informationSocial Studies Scope and Sequence
Social Studies Scope and Sequence Unit: Introduction to the Study of Psychology Unit: Personality Theories Interpret, evaluate, and compare the basic personality theories of psychoanalysis, behaviorism,
More informationMaslow Holistic Dynamic Theory
Maslow Holistic Dynamic Theory Holistic Dynamic Theory assumes that the whole person is continually being motivated by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological
More informationFreud and the Psychodynamic Perspective
OpenStax-CNX module: m49072 1 Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 By the end of
More informationAP Psychology 2008-2009 Academic Year
AP Psychology 2008-2009 Academic Year Course Description: The College Board Advanced Placement Program describes Advanced Placement Psychology as a course that is designed to introduce students to the
More informationJeff, what are the essential aspects that make Schema Therapy (ST) different from other forms of psychotherapy?
An Interview with Jeffrey Young This is a revised transcription of an interview via internet on Dec. 30 th 2008. The interviewer was Eckhard Roediger, the current secretary of the ISST. Jeff, what are
More informationGreat Books: Freud s Interpretation of Dreams Teacher s Guide
Teacher s Guide Grade Level: 9-12 Curriculum Focus: Human Body Lesson Duration: One class period Program Description Using a unique series of dream sequence reenactments based on Freud's revolutionary
More informationChapter 13. Theories of Personality
Chapter 13 Theories of Personality Personality Personality A distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives & emotions. Character value judgments of a person s moral and ethical
More informationAn Overview of Psychological Theories of Crime Causation. Professor James Byrne Nov.2, 2010 Lecture Graduate Criminology Seminar
An Overview of Psychological Theories of Crime Causation Professor James Byrne Nov.2, 2010 Lecture Graduate Criminology Seminar The Psychology of Crime Psychologically-based criminologists explain criminal
More informationWhat is this thing we call psychology? Science of the mind; Science of behavior. Biological mechanisms and psychological phenomena
Psychology Introduction What is psychology? The range and major schools Disciplines Conclusion YRG @ Department of Epileptology University of Bonn Medical Centre, Germany * christian.hoppe@ukb.uni-bonn.de
More informationHOW TO CHANGE NEGATIVE THINKING
HOW TO CHANGE NEGATIVE THINKING For there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so. William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 2, Scene 2, 239 251. Although you may not be fully aware of it, our minds
More information11 Psychology MI-SG-FLD011-02
11 Psychology MI-SG-FLD011-02 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1: General Information About the MTTC Program and Test Preparation OVERVIEW OF THE TESTING PROGRAM... 1-1 Contact Information Test Development Process
More informationBehaving Intelligently: Leadership Traits & Characteristics Kristina G. Ricketts, Community and Leadership Development
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, LEXINGTON, KY, 40546 ELK1-102 LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR Behaving Intelligently: Leadership Traits & Characteristics Kristina G. Ricketts,
More informationChapter 5. Socialization
Chapter 5 Socialization I. Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity. A. Socialization is the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture. B. Social
More informationMODULE 1.3 WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH?
MODULE 1.3 WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH? Why improve mental health in secondary school? The importance of mental health in all our lives Mental health is a positive and productive state of mind that allows an
More informationSigmund Freud ANALYSIS OF A PHOBIA IN A FIVE YEAR OLD BOY
Sigmund Freud ANALYSIS OF A PHOBIA IN A FIVE YEAR OLD BOY BACK GROUND AND CONTEXT Sigmund Freud was a practising therapist who developed his theories from his own observations of his patients, and his
More informationModels of Abnormality
Models of Abnormality Chapter 3 Slides & Handouts by Karen Clay Rhines, Ph.D. Northampton Community College Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 8e Models of Abnormality In science, the perspectives used to explain
More informationSigmund Freud versus George Kelly: Comparison of Psychoanalysis. and Phenomenology in the Case Study of Niko. Sarah Student
Sigmund Freud versus George Kelly 1 Running Head: SIGMUND FREUD VERSUS GEORGE KELLY Sigmund Freud versus George Kelly: Comparison of Psychoanalysis and Phenomenology in the Case Study of Niko Sarah Student
More informationCognitive Therapies. Albert Ellis and Rational-Emotive Therapy Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Psyc 100 Ch 15C therapies 1 Cognitive Therapies Albert Ellis and Rational-Emotive Therapy Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Psyc 100 Ch 15C therapies 2 Cognitive Therapies Unlike
More informationSocialization is the process whereby the helpless infant gradually becomes a self aware, knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of the culture
Socialization is the process whereby the helpless infant gradually becomes a self aware, knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of the culture into which he or she was born. Genie - the feral child
More informationHoover City Schools Secondary Curriculum Social Studies, 2005-06
Course Information: HCS Curriculum: Social Studies 6 12 Hoover City Schools Secondary Curriculum Social Studies, 2005-06 Course Title: Psychology, IB Grade Level: 11-12 Course Description: This course
More informationGrade 12 Psychology (40S) Outcomes Unedited Draft 1
Grade 12 Psychology (40S) Outcomes Unedited Draft 1 Theme 1: Introduction and Research Methods Topic 1: Introduction 1.1.1 Define psychology, and list and explain its goals. 1.1.2 Describe and compare
More informationassociated with puberty for boys and girls.
Lesson 5 Puberty Overview In this informational lesson, students learn about puberty. Small groups brainstorm physical, emotional and social changes they think occur The class discusses and evaluates the
More informationA literature review of Erikson s Psychosocial Development theory.
1 A literature review of Erikson s Psychosocial Development theory. Student Name: Dannielle Brown Student No.: n5990769 Word Count: Unit: SWB102 Human Development and Behaviour Due Date: 26 th April 2012
More informationACADEMIC DIRECTOR: Carla Marquez-Lewis Email Contact: THE PROGRAM Career and Advanced Study Prospects Program Requirements
Psychology (BA) ACADEMIC DIRECTOR: Carla Marquez-Lewis CUNY School of Professional Studies 101 West 31 st Street, 7 th Floor New York, NY 10001 Email Contact: Carla Marquez-Lewis, carla.marquez-lewis@cuny.edu
More information4.Insight = change of self- image acceptance of theoretical interpretation 5.Obtaining relevant information
Psychotherapy Treatment by psychological stimuli Intrapsychological process therapeutic relationship Methods: 1.Abreaction release of repressed emotions and feelings 2.Catharsis clearing, cognitive rebirth
More informationMODULE - I Foundations of Psychology
Methods of 2 METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY In the last lesson we noted that the interpretation of a psychological phenomenon by a psychologist may differ from that of a novice. A psychologist follows a systematic
More informationDo you plan to attend college, vocational, or trade school when you graduate? (Circle one): (A) yes (B)no
(PLEASE PRINT) Name (first & last): Connections: Relationships and Marriage Posttest Address (street) (city) (zip) Telephone: - - Date: / / Do you plan to attend college, vocational, or trade school when
More informationINTRODUCTION. The Seven Rules of. Highly Worried People
INTRODUCTION The Seven Rules of Highly Worried People WORRYING IS SECOND NATURE to you, but imagine that someone who has been raised in the jungle and knows nothing about conventional modern life approached
More informationVirtual Child Written Project Assignment. Four-Assignment Version of Reflective Questions
Virtual Child Written Project Assignment Four-Assignment Version of Reflective Questions Virtual Child Report (Assignment) 1: Infants and Toddlers (20 points) Choose 7 or 8 questions whose total point
More informationDealing with Erectile Dysfunction During and After Prostate Cancer Treatment For You and Your Partner
Dealing with Erectile Dysfunction During and After Prostate Cancer Treatment For You and Your Partner The following information is based on the general experiences of many prostate cancer patients. Your
More informationClassroom Management and Teaching Strategies. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Allison Gehrling ABSTRACT. Law & Disorder
Page 43 Law & Disorder Classroom Management and Teaching Strategies for Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Allison Gehrling Elementary General Education, Senior, Indiana University
More informationEnriching Knowledge for the Health Management and Social Care Curriculum Series (16): Understanding Theories of Development (New)
Enriching Knowledge for the Health Management and Social Care Curriculum Series (16): Understanding Theories of Development (New) Speaker:Dr. Chan Shing Kun Department of Psychological Studies The Hong
More informationDelusions are false beliefs that are not part of their real-life. The person keeps on believing his delusions even when other people prove that the be
Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder which affects the whole person s day-to-day actions, for example, thinking, feeling and behavior. It usually starts between
More informationINDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND HUMANITIES CLASS: XII PSYCHOLOGY
[ INDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT Worksheet: 1 Chapter Name: Intelligence and Aptitude Name of Student : Class : 1. Explain the concept is Assessment? 2. What is Intelligence is according to Oxford dictionary? 3.
More informationASTROLOGY: ITS INFLUENCE ON CONSUMERS' BUYING PATTERNS AND CONSUMERS' EVALUATIONS OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
ASTROLOGY: ITS INFLUENCE ON CONSUMERS' BUYING PATTERNS AND CONSUMERS' EVALUATIONS OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Hyokjin Kwak, University of Georgia Anupam Jaju, University of Georgia George M. Zinkhan, University
More informationPersonality Difficulties
Personality Difficulties The essential features of a personality disorder are impairments in personality (self and interpersonal) functioning and the presence of pathological personality traits. There
More informationChapter 1 Assignment Part 1
Chapter 1 Assignment Part 1 Careers in Psychology 1. Which of the following psychological professionals must always have a medical degree? a. psychologist b. psychiatric social worker c. psychiatrist d.
More informationTypes of Therapists and Associated Therapies
Types of Therapists and Associated Therapies Types Of Therapists Psychologists This is a profession that is granted to a person by law and degree and for their study on the behaviors of people and how
More informationCoffeyville Community College #PSYC-101 COURSE SYLLABUS FOR GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY. Mike Arpin Instructor
Coffeyville Community College #PSYC-101 COURSE SYLLABUS FOR GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Mike Arpin Instructor COURSE NUMBER: PSYC-101 COURSE TITLE: General Psychology CREDIT HOURS: 3 INSTRUCTOR: OFFICE LOCATION:
More informationINTEGRATED APPROACH TO PERSONALITY THEORIES
INTEGRATED APPROACH TO PERSONALITY THEORIES By: Xavier A. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The term personality comes from the Latin word persona, which means mask. This definition of personality implies that important
More informationConflict... An Opportunity for Development
Conflict... An Opportunity for Development ~ Agenda ~ Introductions and Workshop Objectives Understanding Conflict: What is Conflict? The Conflict Cycle Resolving Conflict: Using I Messages College Conflict
More information