Alfred Adler died May 28, Early Life:

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1 Alfred Adler

2 Alfred Adler died May 28, Early Life: Alfred Adler was born in Vienna, Austria. He suffered rickets as a young child which prevented him from walking until the age of four. Due to his health problems as a child, Adler decided he would become a physician and, after graduating from the University of Vienna in 1895 with a medical degree, began his career as an ophthalmologist.

3 Alfred Adler was an Austrian medical doctor, psychiactrist and founder of the school of individual psychology. In collaboration with Sigmund Freud and a small group of Freud's colleagues, Adler was among the co-founders of the psychoanalytic movement as a core member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. He was the first major figure to break away from psychoanalysis to form an independent school of psychotherapy and personality theory.

4 Career: Alder soon turned his interests toward the field of psychiatry, and in 1902 he was invited to join Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic discussion group. This group met each Wednesday in Freud's home, and would eventually grow to become the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. After serving as President of the group for a time, Adler eventually departed due in part to his disagreements with some of Freud's theories.

5 In 1912, Alfred Adler founded the Society of Individual Psychology. Adler's theory suggested that every person has a sense of inferiority. From childhood, people work toward overcoming this inferiority and asserting their superiority over others. Adler referred to this as 'striving for superiority' and believed that this drive was the motivating force behind human behaviors, emotions and thoughts.

6 Contributions to Psychology: Alfred Adler's theories have played an essential role in a number of areas, including therapy and child development. Alder's ideas also influenced other important psychologists, including Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers and Karen Horney.

7 ALFRED BINET

8 Birth: Alfred Binet was born July 8, 1857 in Nice. Death: Alfred Binet died on October 18, Alfred Binet's Early Life: Alfred Binet was born Alfredo Binetti. His father, a physician, and his mother, an artist, divorced when he was young and Binet then moved to Paris with his mother. After graduating from law school in 1878, Binet initially planned to follow in his father's footsteps and enroll in medical school. He began to study science at Sorbonne, but soon began educating himself in psychology by reading works by individuals such as Charles Darwin and John Stuart Mill.

9 Alfred Binet's Career: Binet began working at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris under the guidance of John-Martin Charcot. Afterwards, he moved to a position at the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology where he was the associate director and researcher. In 1894, Binet was appointed the director of the lab and he remained in this position until his death in Binet's early support of Charcot's research on hypnotism resulted in professional embarrassment when Charcot's ideas faltered under closer scientific evaluation. He soon turned his interest toward the study of development and intelligence, often basing his research on observations of his two daughters.

10 While Alfred Binet's interests were broad and quite diverse, he is most famously known for his work on the topic of intelligence. Binet was asked by the French government to develop a test to identify students with learning disabilities or who required special help in school. Binet and colleague Theodore Simon developed a series of tests designed to assess mental abilities. Rather than focus on learned information such as math and reading, Binet instead concentrated on other mental abilities such as attention and memory. The scale they developed became known as the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale.

11 ALFRED BINET'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO PSYCHOLOGY: Today, Alfred Binet is often cited as one of the most influential psychologists in history. While his intelligence scale serves as the basis for modern intelligence tests, Binet himself did not believe that his test measured a permanent or inborn degree of intelligence (Kamin, 1995). According to Binet, an individual's score can vary (Fancher, 1996) and suggested that factors such as motivation and other variables can play a role in test scores.