Current Status of Population Density of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata) in Fruit Orchards in Central Iraq

Transcription

1 Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A () Earlier title: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, ISSN 99- Current Status of Population Density of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata) in Fruit Orchards in Central Iraq M. Z. Khalaf, B. H. Hassan, A. K. Shbar, F. H. Naher, A. H. Salman and N. F. Jabo Integrated Pest Control Research Center, Ministry of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 76, Baghdad, IRAQ Received: January, / Published: September,. Abstract: In the recent years The Mediterranean Fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is distributed in the orchards of central Iraq and caused highly economic losses. This study was conducted in orchards in central Iraq during 9 and and made field survey of the insect in four types of orchards (Citrus, Apricot, Figs & Citrus and A mixture of fruit trees) and used for this purpose Tephri Traps supplied with Q-Lure and dimethyl dichloroviny phosphate (DDVP). The present preliminary study has shown that the Mediterranean fruit fly C. capitata has a year round presence in fruit orchards in central Iraq and reached its highest numerical density of the pest in orchards during of November and December were 4 and 6 insect/trap per month in orchards and the least numerical density during of January and February while the highest numerical density of the insect in orchards of Apricot in March, Figs & Citrus in August 9 and a Mixture of fruit trees in November 9 were 4, 6, insect /trap per month respectively. The population density of the pest was highest is started compared with 9, but the high temperature degree (46- C) in August caused decreasing the population density of this pest. C. capitata caused highly economic losses in reached 68% and 7% of the Mandarin and Kaki fruits respectively Currently in Iraq to fight no control method to reduce the economic losses caused by this pest except the use of pesticides GF-. Key words: Fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), survey, Iraq, population density, fruit orchards.. Introduction Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is one of the pests which causes losses in fruit sector worldwide, there are 9 million hectares of fruit trees in the world attacked by this pest, from which 7 million hectares are [, ]. Many methods which including attractant Tephri Traps and sticky Traps are used in fruit orchards in Sudan []. C. capitata has a year round presence in the coastal region of Syria, infesting a considerable number of economically important host plants, the highest infestation in the observed hosts was found in Peaches 7% and the least in Figs % [4]. Corresponding author: M. Z. Khalaf, Ph.D., research fields: IPM programs, and palm pests. mzkhalaf7@yahoo.com. Many attractant Traps were used to control of C. capitat in Citrus orchards [, 6], Gf- Spinosad,.4 g/l content attractant Bait were used to control C. capitata in Citrus orchards [7]. Sticky and attractants traps also were used to determine the population density of C. Capitata in Spain orchards [, 8]. Bait Traps were used in central Jordan Valley to determine the total capture of C. Capitat and compared between Jackson and McPhail Traps [9]. Attractant Bait spray, Pheromone Traps and Attractant Bait Traps were used as control methods to C. capitata, it is found that there are differences between these methods when using to control this pest in Citrus orchards [, -]. Magnet med fly( MED) technology for the attract and kill of C. capitata used tested over 4 years, it proved a highly efficient to

2 774 Current Status of Population Density of Mediterranean Fruit Fly control of C. capitata []. The Wireless Sensor Net Work (WSN) Technology was applied to build up an ecological monitoring system for the monitoring Oriental Fruit fly population in Taiwan [4]. The aim of this study is to determine the population density, Spreading, Peaks and Timing to Control Programs of C. capitata in fruit orchards of central Iraq.. Materials and Methods. Population Density of Ceratitis capitata The field study was conducted in fruit orchards in Al-Madain Reign about km. South of Baghdad at 9 and in five types of orchards: -Citrus & Fig., -Apricot, -A mixture of fruit trees, 4-Citrus, -Citrus, the area of each hectare. Tephri Traps supplied with Q-Lure and DDVP were used to made the field survey, Q-Lure and DDVP replaced every two month, it used four Traps per hectare, It was calculated the population density of C. capitata per week in each traps at a year round. It was calculated the population density of this pest in each orchards per month at a year round.. Control of Ceratitis capitata Control program of C. capitata conducted in April in orchards No. 4 and (Citrus). Tephri Traps supplied with Q-Lure and DDVP 8 Traps per hectare, Gf- (Spinosad,.4 g/l) L per hectare by partially-spray on trees were used in control program. The population density of C. capitata in Citrus orchards No. 4 and were calculated after the application of control program.. Results. Population Density of Ceratitis capitata in 9 The field studies indicated that the fruit fly C. capitata population density differed between these orchards under this study (Table ), it reached the highest peak through November and December (, 76), (4, 6) insect/trap per month in orchards No. 4 and respectively. It had more peak during the year in other orchards reached 6, insect/trap per month through August and October respectively in orchards No. (Figs & Citrus) during the maturity period of Figs and Citrus fruits, The population density in orchards No. (Apricot) had been very low throughout the year and low increased in May at maturity period of Apricot fruits, it may be to beginning of the insect entry of this orchards type under conditions of the region. The population density Table Population density of Ciratitis capitata adults in central of Iraqi orchards in 9. Number of Ceratitis capitata adults catch by Tephri traps (adult/trap per month) Month Orchard No. fig & Orchard No. apricot Orchard No. Mix. of fruits Orchard No.4 Orchard No. January February 4 March April 6 May* 6 7 June 9 July August** 6 September October*** November*** December Total * Maturity period of apricots and pears; ** Maturity period of figs.; *** Maturity period of.

3 Current Status of Population Density of Mediterranean Fruit Fly 77 in orchard No. (a mixture of fruit trees) had two peaks 6, insect/trap per month in May and October respectively during the maturity period of Apricot, Apples, Peaches and Citrus fruits. The high population density in orchard No. compared with orchard No. it may be to the helped the spread of this pest. These results indicated that the population density of C. capitata increase and decrease depending on the type of fruit and timing of fruit maturity period during the year under the conditions of central region of Iraq. These results correspond with Ref. [] about Peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata, that the high peak in period from October to December. These results match with Ref. [6] which had appositive relation between the number of C. capitata adults catch by attractant traps and the percentage of fruit infested. These field survey of C. capitata by using attractant Bait as method to know the activity of this pest match with Ref. [] which used the attractant Trimed-Lure and Ferag-Lure to determining the population density of fruit fly C. capitata in the single and mixed orchards in Spain. As well as matching with Ref. [] which used McPhail attractant traps and sticky traps to determining spread of C. capitata in Spain.. Population Density of Ceratitis capitata in The population density of fruit fly C. capitata increased through in beginning of compared with 9 (Table ). C. capitata did not enter diapauses and present a year round under the central region of Iraq condition, it had more peak in fruit orchards, according to types of fruit trees in orchards. The highest peak recorded in orchard No. (Figs & Citrus) in July and August 9, 4 insect /trap per month respectively, while 4 insect/trap per month in orchard No. (Apricot) through in May at timing of maturity period of Apricot, That the increasing number of the insect in apricot orchards in compared with 9 could be attributed to the insect adaptation under the region conditions. Two peaks were recorded in orchard No. (a mixture of fruit trees), first period in May, June and July: 4,,44 insect/trap per month respectively at timing the maturity period of Apricot, Apple and Peach. Second period in November and December, 9 insect/trap per month respectively at timing the maturity period of Citrus. Population density of C. capitata decreased highly and reached to zero during August due to very high temperature 9-4 C at night, 46- C at day, that the high temperature caused decrease in population density of C. capitata reached to zero during September and October in all orchards. That the presence of C. capitata throughout a year round under central Iraq condition match with Ref. [9] which indicated the C. capitata has a year round presence in the costal region of Syria.. Control of Ceratitis capitata in Citrus Orchards in Central Iraq The results in Table indicated that the control program in orchards No. 4, (Citrus) during April by using Tephri Traps and Gf- caused decrease in population density of fruit fly C. capitata, it decreased from, 64 insect /trap per month during March to, 7 insect/trap per month during April in orchards No. 4, respectively, and reached to zero during May compared with other orchards that have not carried out control works. These results confirm the findings of Ref. [], Ref. [7] which they found a high efficient in control to C. capitata by using spinosad and Lamba-cyhelotrin. Others used the attractant Bait traps as single method to control C. capitata []..4 Infestation Data presented in Table indicated that the C. capitata caused high losses in fruit production in central Iraq orchards reached to 68%, 7% in Mandarin and Kaki fruits respectively, adults preferred to infest Kaki and Mandarin fruits compared with Orange fruits. This may be Kaki and Mandarin is soft fruits compared with Orange.

4 776 Current Status of Population Density of Mediterranean Fruit Fly Table Population density of Ciratitis capitata adults in central of Iraqi orchards in. Number of Ceratitis capitata adults catch by Tephri traps (adult/trap per month) Month Orchard No. fig & Orchard No. apricot Orchard No. Mix. of fruits Orchard No.4 Orchard No. January 9 February March 8 64 April 4 6 * 7* May 4** 4** June *** July 9**** 44**** August***** 4 4 September October****** November****** 4 December 6 9 Total 9,9 9 7 * Application control program to Ceratitis capitata; ** Maturity period of apricots; *** Maturity period of apples & appears; **** Maturity period of figs & apples; ***** Very high temperatures degree (9-4 C at night), (46- C at day); ****** Maturity period of. Table Fruit infested by Ceratitis capitata during November 9 in south Baghdad orchards. Fruits Infestation (%) Orange Mandarin Kiki 68 7 These results indicated that the C. capitata has caused high losses in fruit production in Iraq. This problem requires the application control program take care of the timing of pest activity by types of fruit trees in orchards and use of quarantine system in Iraqi border. References [] A. Idlbi. A new future safety integrated technology to control Mediterranean fruit fly, Arab J. Pl. Prot. 7 (9) 8. [] O. Felix, C. Francisco, A. Rabeh, P. Nathalie, B. Batriz, C. Amelia, et al., Insecticide resistance in fruit flies: the case of malathion resistance in Spanish population of Ceratitis capitata, 8th International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance, Spain,, p. 9. [] S.A. Ali, S.A. Mohammed, Detection and monitoring of some fruit flies species and their host range in Abu Gubeiha, South Kordofan state Sudan, Arab. J. Pl. Prot. 7 (9) 7. [4] M. Ahmad, M. Mofleh, I. Ajjan, Preliminary study about the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata and its hosts in the coastal region of Syria, Seventh Arab Congress of Plant Protection (Abstract Book),, p. 9. [] M. Aida, T. Laura, O. Luisa, Population monitoring of Ceratitis capitata in S. MiGuel Island in the last five years, 8th International Symposium on Fruit Fly of Economic Importance, Spain,, p. 9. [6] M.E. Wong, J. Olivero, A.L. Marquez, F. Montoro, N. Rivera, E.J. Garcia, Mass trapping of Ceratitis capitata with Tephri-Trap and Tripack MEI: optimizing strategy, IOBC/wprs Working Group Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops, Catania, Italy, 7, p. 9. [7] D. Rinaldi, M.E. Porto, E. Tescari, G.E. Cocuzza, Preliminary evaluation of GF- to control of Ceratitis capitata in commercial orchards, IOBC/wprs Crops, Catania, Italy, 7, p. 78. [8] J.D. Ruiz, F.A. Lassala, V. Liopis, J.P. Millo, Study of mass trapping devices to control Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), IOBC/wprs Crops, Catania, Italy, 7, p. 6. [9] M.S. AlFawwer, M.A. Eflayeh, T.M. Al-Antery, Field evaluation of certain attractants of Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata in Central Jordan Valley, Arab. J. Pl. Prot. 7 (9) 4. [] A.I. Awad, A.H. Hanafy, Field evaluation of using mass trapping with partial bait spray method for control the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata on trees, in: Alexandria Governorate, nd International Conference,

5 Current Status of Population Density of Mediterranean Fruit Fly 777 Plant Protection Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt, -4 December,, p. 7. [] N.L. Vicente, S. Juan, V.S. Alfaro, C. Cristina, P. Jaime, Efficacy assessment of bait stations as a control method for Ceratitis capitata in field trials, 8th International Symposium on Fruit Fly of Economic Importance (Abstract Book), Spain,, p. 9. [] S. Eltazi, A. Mazih, I. Srairi, Y. Bourachidi, Evaluation of mass trapping M bait-station to control Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata in orchards, IOBC/wprs Crops, Catania, Italy, 7, p. 6. [] C. Enzo, M. Salvador, Use of magnet med technology for the attractant and kill of Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata, 8th International Symposium on Fruit Fly of Economic Importance, Valencia, Spain,, p. 9. [4] J. Joe-Air, C. Chia-Pang, L. Tzu-Shiang, L. Kevin, H. Knn-Yaw, C. Chien-Chung, et al., 8th International Symposium on Fruit Fly of Economic Importance, Valencia, Spain,, p.. [] A.K. Draz, A.G. Hashem, M.A. El-Aw, I.R. El-Gendy, Monitoring the changes in the population activity of the peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata in Egypt, nd International Conference Plant Protection Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt, December -4,, p. 4. [6] A.M. El-Hakim, M.W. Makkar, A.M.Z. Mosallam, T.S. El-Abassi, Economic injury levels of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wied) on naval orange (Citrus) orchards in Egypt, Arab. J. Pl. Prot. 7 (9) 4.