Management of Citrus. Beth Grafton-Cardwell. stationed at the Kearney Ag Center Director: Lindcove Research and Extension Center

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1 Integrated Pest Management of Citrus Beth Grafton-Cardwell 60% Extension & 40% Research Entomologist: UC Riverside, stationed at the Kearney Ag Center Director: Lindcove Research and Extension Center

2 California Citrus Growing Regions Sa Joaquin San Joaqu Valley a ey navels, a e s, Valencias & mandarins (>75% of citrus) KAC Southern Interior Navels & Valencias LREC Coastal Lemons Desert Grapefruit UC Riverside

3 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Citrus Red Mite Citrus Thrips Katydid Cutworm, fruit tree leafroller, amorbia California red scale Citricola scale

4 Citrus Red Mite, Panonychus citri Fairly easily controlled by natural enemies and soft pesticides such as oils and miticides id Mite damaged Undamaged Predatory mite, Euseius tularensis Summer heat + virus Cosmetic damage Lower yield

5 Citrus Thrips, Scirtothrips citri Winged, adult citrus thrips Wingless thrips nymphs Cosmetic damage Natural enemies help, but don t bring scarring below an economic threshold Wingless, 1st and 2 nd instar thrips Predatory mite, Euseius tularensis

6 Forktailed Bush Katydid, Scudderia furcata Cosmetic damage Biological control is minimal and damage is heavy = pesticides are necessary

7 Citrus Cutworm, Egira curialis Parasitic wasps, Ophion spp. Biological control is very effective if broad spectrum insecticides are avoided

8 Cosmetic Damage Cutworm Katydid Thrips Equipment Hail Wind/sand Branch rubbing Price per box Juice Choice Fancy Navels $1.50 $13.13 $25.30 Valencias $1.60 $12.50 $20.50 Mandarins $0.28 $17.50 $29.70

9 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Citrus Red Mite Citrus Thrips Katydid Spinetoram + Pyrethroid or organophosphate Cutworm, fruit tree leafroller, amorbia California red scale Citricola scale Broad spectrum Soft on natural enemies

10 California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii Downgrading of fruit Yield Loss Biological control is very effective if broad spectrum insecticides are avoided and trees are cared for

11 Parasitic wasp, Aphytis melinus High pressure spray washer removes scale 300 psi (21kg/cm2 ) August Parasitized scales flake off September

12 Mal le scale per ca ard Pesticide treatments timed using degree days = accumulation of the average daily temperature above the lower developmental threshold (53 o F) DD 1650 DD 1100 DD Insecticides Insecticides per tap pe Cr rawlers Mar 27-Apr 11-Jun 26-Jul 9-Sep 24-Oct Male Scale Crawlers

13 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Citrus Red Mite Citrus Thrips Spinetoram + Katydid Pyrethroid or organophosphate Cutworm, fruit tree leafroller, amorbia California red scale Aphytis wasps or Pyriproxyfen Citricola scale Broad spectrum Soft on natural enemies

14 Citricola Scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum Sooty mold Yield Biological control is poor because appropriate host stage sizes are not always available = pesticides are necessary

15 Citricola Scale Lifecycle San Joaquin Valley Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Egg-laying Females on twigs Eggs Crawlers 1st instar nymphs on leaves 2nd instars on twigs 2nd instars on leaves 2nd instars on twigs Chlorpyrifos Imidacloprid Acetamiprid

16 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Citrus Red Mite Citrus Thrips Katydid Spinetoram + Pyrethroid Caterpillars Aphytis Pyriproxyfen Citricola scale California red scale Chlorpyrifos Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid Average number of insecticides applied to citrus each year: 3

17 Invasive Pests Affecting California Citrus *Glassy-winged sharpshooter h (1995) *Citrus Peelminer (1998) *Citrus Leafminer (2000) Diaprepes Root Weevil (2005) Light Brown Apple Moth (2007) Asian Citrus Psyllid (2008) Fruit Flies (periodic) *Infesting San Joaquin Valley citrus

18 Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Economic damage for nurseries and new plantings of citrus

19 We are one of the last citrus growing regions on earth to be invaded by citrus leafminer

20 Potential for Biological Control Citrus leafminer and Citrus peelminer share many of the same parasites: Closterocerus Pnigalio Chrysocharis Sympiesis Cirrospilus

21 Pesticide and pheromone treatments for citrus leafminer recommended for nurseries and new plantings Neonicotinoids: acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran Oil at frequent intervals methoxyfenozide Insect I t growth regulators: diflubenzuron, neem abamectin spinetoram Spirotetramtp rynaxypyr, cyazypyr Broad spectrum Soft on natural enemies

22 Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Tamarixia wasp Lady beetles

23 Bacterial Huanglongbing (citrus greening) disease Leaves yellow, the fruit is small, doesn t color properly, forms uneven segments, the juice turns bitter and eventually the tree dies

24 The distribution of the psyllid and HLB disease in North and Central America CDFA: Trapping ACP and treating infested backyard citrus Citrus Industry: Trapping for ACP in commercial citrus, testing leaves for HLB, funding research, supporting regulatory changes University of California: Research, scientific advice, extension education of growers and the general public 2008 Distribution of Asian citrus psyllid in orange and distribution of Huanglongbing in green. 1998

25 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Citrus Red Mite Citrus Thrips Katydid Spinetoram + Pyrethroid Caterpillars California red scale Aphytis Pyriproxyfen Citricola scale Chlorpyrifos Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid Pyrethroid Asian citrus psyllid Systemic Imidacloprid or Thiamethoxam Pyrethroid

26 Grower psyllid management strategies Homeowner assistance Radio, Newspapers, TV Posters, bookmarks, doorhangers Workshops with ppt, quizzing World wide web informational sites and training

27 Goals of California a Citrus IPM Manage pests in a way that is economical and sustainable. Minimize broad spectrum pesticide use to maximize natural enemies. Address pesticide resistance, worker safety, and environmental issues.