Pest and Disease Control with Low Doses of Pesticides in Low and Ultralow Volumes Applied to Intensive Apple Trees
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1 Pestic. Sci. 1976, 7, Pest and Disease Control with Low Doses of Pesticides in Low and Ultralow Volumes Applied to Intensive Apple Trees Barry K. Cooke, Pamela J. Herrington, Kenneth G. Jones and Norman G. Morgan University of Bristol, Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol BS18 9AF (Manuscript received 17 June 1975) In 3 year field experiments on the development of more economical methods for pest and disease control on intensively planted dessert apple trees, low dose applications of one-tenth of the normal quantities of pesticide in one-hundredth, one-tenth and one-fifth of the normal volumes were compared with conventional high volume spraying at 2250 litreslha. An experimental tractor-mounted mist blower, a motorised knapsack mist blower and a fan-assisted disc sprayer were each used to apply the pesticides in 225, 45 and 22.5 litres of water/ha. Control of the apple-grass aphid, Rhopalosiphum inserturn, obtained by low dose spraying of demeton-s-methyl (8 g a.i./ha) combined with azinphos-methyl (37 g a.i./ha) in 225 and 22.5 litres/ha in 1971 and of fenitrothion (70 g a.i./ha) in 225,45 and 22.5 litres/ha in 1972 and 1973 was almost equal to that obtained by the conventional high volume method. Low dose applications of benomyl fungicide programmes gave poor control of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis in 1971 when the disease incidence on the fruit was very high at 73 %, but in 1972 and 1973, when it was moderately high at %, control was almost equal to that given by the conventional high volume method. Under these conditions all the low dose methods gave better control with benomyl than with dodi ne/capt an programmes. 1. Introduction The modern trend in top fruit growing toward small closely planted trees and the increasing use of types of pesticides which can exert their effect within and through the host plant as well as over its surfaces have introduced the feasibility of more economical methods of spraying for pest and disease control.'-3 Such methods, using smaller quantities of pesticides and much smaller volumes of spray liquid, offer considerable savings in time, labour, materials and fuel and also a reduction in pesticide fall-out to uncropped areas. These advantages are valid only if the spraying methods give pest and disease control equal to the conventional ones. The present paper describes field assessments over the 3 year period of low dose, low and ultralow volume spraying of intensive dessert apples. 2. Methods and materials An experimental tractor-mounted mist blower, a modified fan-assisted disc sprayer and a motorised knapsack mist blower were each used to apply pesticides at low dose rates in reduced volumes of 225 and 45 litres/ha or 22.5 litres/ha (u.1.v.) and were compared with conventional high volume automatic mast spraying. The experimental tractor-mounted mist blower and modified disc sprayer have already been de~cribed.~ 30
2 Pest and disease control on apple trees with low doses 31 The two plots used for the trials were as follows: Main Year Row width Tree space Tree height Tree width Plot variety planted (m) (m) (m) (m) I Cox s O.P. 1956/ I1 Cox s O.P. 1964/ Tractor-sprayed and unsprayed subplots each contained a minimum of 60 trees in four to six rows: blocks of 4-28 trees were used for each hand-directed application by fan-disc sprayer or knapsack mist blower Pest assessment In each season assessments were made of the effects of single applications of insecticides by the different methods on the control of apple-grass aphid, Rhopalosiphum insertum, and apple sucker, Psylla mali, at the green cluster stage. On four to ten trees in each treatment, blossom trusses were examined before the spraying and trusses 7-10 days after it in order to determine the reduction of infestation. Additional counts before and after the spraying were made in 1972 and 1973 on the unsprayed controls in order to assess the possible reduction of infestation by agencies other than the spray treatments. The insecticide programmes are given in Table 1. Table 1. Insect pest control by low dose and u.1.v. spraying Demeton-S-methyl + azinphos-methyl Year Plot Application method Litres/ha % a.i. g a.i./ha Demeton- Azinphos- Derneton- Azinphos- S-methyl methyl S-methyl methyl % Infestation reduction Aphid Sucker 1971 I u.1.v. tractor mist I Fenitrothion 1972 II I.v. fan-disc 225 u.1.v. tractor mist 22.5 u.1.v. fan-disc 22.5 I.v. knapsack mist 225 u.1.v. tractor mist 45 u.1.v. fan-disc Unsprayed Unsprayed Disease assessment Apple scab, Venturia inaequalis, on the harvested fruit was assessed in all three seasons and leaf scab also in 1972 and In each unsprayed and tractor-sprayed block, the fruit from random trees were picked into 13.6 kg orchard boxes and apples were removed from the corners by the method of Pearce6 yielding apples for each treatment: from four
3 Table 2. Fungicide programmes Method of application Automatic mast Experimental tractor mist Fan-disc sprayer Knapsack mist blower No. of Year Plot sprays Fungicides litres/ha % a.i. g a.i./ha litres/ha % a.i. g a.i./ha litres/ha % a.i. g a.i./ha litreslha % a.i. g a.i./ha Benomyl Benomyl I972 I1 3 Benomyl Benomyl dinocap II 3 Benomyl Benomyl dinocap I1 3 Dodine Captan dinocap I1 9 Benomyl Dodine Captan dinocap Dodine Captan dinocap
4 Pest di&se control on apple trees with low doses 33 to six trees were similarly sampled in each of the hand-sprayed treatments. The weight and number of apples in each scab category of severe, medium, light and nil were recorded. Leaf scab was assessed by recording the presence or absence of scab lesions on 6W2W leaves from extension shoots at random on four to ten trees in each treated and untreated block in July-August. The fungicide spray programmes are shown in Table 2. Primary and secondary mildew were assessed in 1972 and 1973, but the distribution on all treated and untreated plots was too variable for any effects to be evaluated. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Pest control Insect pest control by the different methods, expressed as the mean % reduction in number of infested trusses, is given in Table 1. In each season, conventional high volume automatic spraying at 2250 litredha gave excellent aphid control which was virtually equalled by one or more of the experimental methods applying one-tenth of the pesticide in much reduced volumes, as seen by the effect of the tractor mist blower applying 225 litres/ha in 1971 and 45 litres/ha in 1973 and also the hand applications at 225 and 45 litres/ha in Good control was given in 1972 and 1973 by the hydraulic mist blower applying 225 litres/ha, but only fair control applying the same pesticide in 22.5 litres/ha in Apple sucker infestations were variable, although the indications are that consistently good control was given by the conventional method. The generally poor control by the experimental methods indicates the difficulty of controlling this pest by low and ultralow volume applications of low doses of either the systemic or the contact insecticide: higher concentrations of these may be necessary to promote more effective redistribution of active ingredient from the sites of deposition to the sites of action Disease control Control of apple scab obtained by the different methods is shown in Figure 1 where degree of AUTO MIST- UNS n Nil 0 Light Medium Severe B Benomyl C Captan UNS Unsprayed KM Knapsack mist FD Fan-dlsc - 10 on 5Jo 2:: m m - I B C B C B C B C B C AUTO TRACTOR MIST FAN DISC UNS B C C B C B B AUTO TRACTORMIST KM FD UNS Figure 1. Control of apple scab. (a) 1971 I; (b) ; (c)
5 34 B. I(. Cooke er a/. infection is expressed as the % wt of fruit in each scab category and the leaf scab as the % number of leaves with scab lesions. In 1971, when the incidence of fruit scab on unsprayed trees was very high at 73 %, both fungicidc programmes applied by conventional high volume spraying gave good control. Scab control by the 225 litres/ha application of benomyl was unsatisfactory, but was better than that by the ultralow volume application of the same quantity of fungicide. In 1972, when the incidence of scab was moderately high at 45 %, the tractor mist blower applying one tenth of the conventional amounts of benomyl in 225 litres/ha and the hand-directed fan disc applications of 225 and 22.5 litres/ha gave virtually the same degree of control as the conventional high volume method. The lower volume applied by the tractor mist blower, however, gave somewhat less control though medium and severe scab were greatly reduced. The low and ultralow volume applications gave much better control with the benomyl than with the dodine/captan programme. At the same liquid volume/ha, the hand application of either fungicide programme gave better control than the tractor mist application. In 1973, when the incidence of fruit scab was similar to that in 1972 at 42%, good control was obtained with all the experimental low and ultralow volume applications of the benomyl programme but the dodine/captan similarly applied gave less control. The tractor mist applications of either fungicide gave better control at 45 litres/ha in 1973 than at 22.5 litres/ha in In both years leaf scab in most treatments correlated well with the fruit scab. Generally, the higher the liquid volume applied the better was the scab control and the benomyl programme in almost all cases was better than the dodine/captan. These results indicate that there are promising prospects of obtaining more economical control of apple pests and diseases with lower pesticide doses and much lower liquid volumes; in some instances, however, it may be necessary for the pesticide concentration to be increased for the essential redistribution of the active ingredient from the sites of deposition to the sites of action to take place. Furthermore, full acceptance of the low dose and ultralow volume methods will depend on the development of an effective control of apple mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha. Acknowledgements The authors thank Miss T. Foxwell and Mr N. Western for their assistance with the spray applications and assessments. References Mapother, H. R.; Morgan, N. G. Br. Crop Prot. Counc. Monogr. 1970, No. 2, p. 83. Morgan, N. G. Br. Crop Prot. Counc. Monogr. 1974, No. 1 I, p. 59. Clark, P. G. Br. Crop Prot. Coune. Monogr. 1974, No. 11, p Jones, K. G.; Morgan, N. G. Br. Crop Pror. Counc. Monogr. 1974, No. I I, p Pearce, S. C. Ann. Rep. E. Mnlling Res. Sin for , p. 77.
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