Interest Grabber. Half of a Half of a Half...
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1 Interest Grabber Section 17-1 Half of a Half of a Half... Some forms of chemical elements are unstable that is, they break down into other substances. Like the decay of leftovers in your refrigerator, this breakdown takes place over time. Unlike those leftovers, however, the breakdown of unstable forms of an element progresses in a very orderly way by decaying into halves.
2 Section Outline Section The Fossil Record A. Fossils and Ancient Life A. Paleontologist B. Fossil record provides evidence about the history of life on Earth. It also shows how different groups of organisms have changed over time. C. extinct
3 B. How Fossils Form B. Examples C. For a fossil to form D. Incomplete information E. Sedimentary rock Water carries small rock particles to lakes and seas. Dead organisms are buried by layers of sediment, which forms new rock. The preserved remains may later be discovered and studied.
4 C.Interpreting Fossil Evidence 1. Relative Dating the age of a fossil is determined by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock 2. Index fossil 3. Radioactive Dating
5
6 Compare/Contrast Table Section 17-1 Comparing Relative and Absolute Dating of Fossils Can determine Is performed by Drawbacks Relative Dating Age of fossil with respect to another rock or fossil (that is, older or younger) Comparing depth of a fossil s source stratum to the position of a reference fossil or rock Imprecision and limitations of age data Absolute Dating Age of a fossil in years Determining the relative amounts of a radioactive isotope and nonradioactive isotope in a specimen Difficulty of radioassay laboratory methods
7 D.Geologic Time Scale 1. Eras 2. Periods 3. How are geological times determined?
8 Figure 17-5 Geologic Time Scale Section 17-1 (millions of Era Period Time years ago) Quarternary 1.8 present (millions of Era Period Time years ago) Permian Era Period Time Vendian (millions of years ago) Tertiary Carboniferous Cretaceous Devonian Jurassic Silurian Triassic Ordovician Cambrian
9 Interest Grabber Section 17-2 Mystery Detective Earth is billions of years old. There were not any witnesses to those early years. How, then, can scientists determine the conditions on Earth long before there were any scientists? Think about how you draw conclusions about occurrences that you did not witness. If you saw the charred remains of a house, for example, you could infer that it burned down.
10 Interest Grabber continued Section On a sheet of paper, list things that you can observe around you that lead you to infer about events you did not see. For example, what do skid marks in the roadway tell you? 2. Now, think about and list the evidence all around you that scientists might analyze when trying to piece together a history of Earth. How would finding the fossil of a sea animal in the middle of a desert tell a scientist something about the past?
11 Section Outline Section 17-2 Mixture of gases simulating atmospheres of early Earth Spark simulating lightning storms 17 2 Earth s Early History A. Formation of Earth B. The First Organic Molecules B. Did organic material form before life was present? C. How Did Life Begin? 1. Formation of Microspheres 2. Evolution of RNA and DNA D. Free Oxygen 2. Which came first? Cold water cools chamber, causing droplets to form Liquid containing amino acids and other organic compounds D. What did Oxygen provide?
12 E. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells E. Endosymbiotic theory communities formed by prokaryotes F. Sexual Reproduction and Multicellularity
13 Section 17-2 Figure Endosymbiotic Theory Chloroplast Aerobic bacteria Ancient Prokaryotes Nuclear envelope evolving Photosynthetic bacteria Mitochondrion Plants and plantlike protists Primitive Photosynthetic Eukaryote Ancient Anaerobic Prokaryote Primitive Aerobic Eukaryote Animals, fungi, and non-plantlike protists
14 Concept Map Section 17-2 Evolution of Life Early Earth was hot; atmosphere contained poisonous gases. Earth cooled and oceans condensed. Simple organic molecules may have formed in the oceans.. Small sequences of RNA may have formed and replicated. First prokaryotes may have formed when RNA or DNA was enclosed in microspheres. Later prokaryotes were photosynthetic and produced oxygen. An oxygenated atmosphere capped by the ozone layer protected Earth. First eukaryotes may have been communities of prokaryotes. Multicellular eukaryotes evolved. Sexual reproduction increased genetic variability, hastening evolution.
15 Interest Grabber Section 17-3 Team, Team, Team! The first living things were unicellular. You, however, are multicellular. Is there an advantage to being multicellular?
16 Section Outline Section Evolution of Multicellular Life A. Precambrian Time B. Paleozoic Era 1. Cambrian Period 2. Ordovician and Silurian Periods 3. Devonian Period 4. Carboniferous and Permian Periods C. Mesozoic Era 1. Triassic Period 2. Jurassic Period 3. Cretaceous Period D. Cenozoic Era 1. Tertiary Period 2. Quaternary Period
17 Geologic Time Scale with Key Events Section 17-3 Era Period Time (millions of years ago) Key Events Cenozoic Quaternary 1.8 present Glaciations; mammals increased; humans Tertiary Mammals diversified; grasses Mesozoic Cretaceous Aquatic reptiles diversified; flowering plants; mass extinction Jurassic Dinosaurs diversified; birds Triassic Dinosaurs; small mammals; cone-bearing plants Paleozoic Permian Reptiles diversified; seed plants; mass extinction Carboniferous Reptiles; winged insects diversified; coal swamps Devonian Fishes diversified; land vertebrates (primitive amphibians) Silurian Land plants; land animals (arthropods) Ordovician Aquatic arthropods; mollusks; vertebrates (jawless fishes) Precambrian Time Cambrian Marine invertebrates diversified; most animal phyla evolved Anaerobic, then photosynthetic prokaryotes; eukaryotes, then multicellular life
18 Interest Grabber Section 17-4 Birds of a Feather Darwin was surprised by the number of similar but not identical species that he observed. Look around you can you make the same observation?
19 Section Outline Section Patterns of Evolution A. Mass Extinctions A. How does mass extinctions encourage rapid evolution? B. Adaptive Radiation C. Convergent Evolution D. Coevolution E. Punctuated Equilibrium F. Developmental Genes and Body Plans
20 Flowchart Section 17-4 Species that are Unrelated Related form in under under in in Interrelationshiops Similar environments Intense environmental pressure Small populations Different environments can undergo can undergo can undergo can undergo can undergo Coevolution Convergent evolution Extinction Punctuated equilibrium Adaptive radiation
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