The fossil record: provides direct evidence of evolution shows that lineages change. time gives information about
|
|
- Lilian Adela Short
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Evolution & The Fossil Record The fossil record: provides direct evidence of evolution shows that lineages change and diversify through time gives information about the process of evolution (modes) gives information on the rate of evolution 1
2 Geological Fundamentals Sedimentary Rock formed by deposition and solidification of sediments - the only fossil-bearing rocks Igneous Rock -cooled molten rock kformed dby extrusion from volcanoes and by upwelling of magma at the edges of crustal plates Metamorphic Rock - formed by alteration of sedimentary or igneous rock under high pressures and temperatures 2
3 Plate tectonics Lithosphere rides on athenosphere Convection cells in athenosphere bring magma to the surface in certain areas mid-oceanic ridges which causes sea floor spreading Plates move at 5-10 cm per year Plates impinging on other plates can cause mountain building 3
4 4
5 Measuring geological time radioisotopes i decay exponentially at measurable rates N t = N 0 *e rt Gives rate of decay or ½ life (t ½ ) 5
6 e.g 40 K decays to 40 Ar t ½ = 1.3 * 10 9 years Sum of decay product and remaining undecayed atoms gives total amount before decay began (N = sum( Ar+ K), N t = K) In practice: use t ½ to find r,,( r = ln(1/2)/ t ½ ) then use r, N t and N 0 to solve for t, the age of the rock. Or: N Or: ln t * t N 0 1/2 ln N * t 0 t = Nt t = 1 ln ln ( 2 ) 2 1/2 6
7 In the case of K/Ar dating an estimate of the original amount of 40 K in the rock can be made by adding the amount present now to the amount of 40 Ar now divided by The division by is to account for the fact that only 11.2% of the original 40 K decays to 40 Ar. (The other decay product is 40 Ca.) t = 40 Ar 1 ln 1 + * * t 40 K ln(2) 1/2 Potential problem : there may have been some of the decay product in the rock to begin with but this is less likely l for decay products like Ar because Ar is a gas and leaves heated rock 7
8 Radiometric dating has provided many important age estimates: Oldest rocks on earth are 3.8 billion years old (byo) Oldest meteorites and moon rocks are byo Different elements have different ½ lives and different working ranges Each type of isotopic analysis has a different working range and different working materials. 14 C decays to 14 N with ½ life of 5700 years 14 C/ 12 C ratios constant tin living i things. (about t13* ) After death 14 C is lost: ratio 14 C/ 12 C becomes smaller as time passes and eventually 14 C becomes undetectable. 14 C dating is useful for dating organic material less than 80,000 years old K - Ar dating is useful for dating igneous rock from 1/2 to 10 byo 8
9 Sedimentary rocks and the fossil record Pi Principle i of fsuperposition ii - upper sedimentary layers represent more recently deposited sediments The principle of superposition can be violated where rocks have been inverted through geologic upheavals 9
10 10
11 Stratigraphic column - is not continuous over the surface of the globe lb - sediments were deposited d in brief episodes in different regions of the world - provides local snapshots of geologic time Fossilization is a rare event. Relative to the number of species that have ever existed, few are likely to have been fossilized Species with hard body parts are best preserved shells, plates, bones fossilize well - soft bodied organisms are not well represented in the fossil record Erosion, weathering, metamorphic processes have made the fossil record more incomplete - older time periods are less well represented than newer time periods Some organisms were common in specific time periods, and fossilized well - index fossils accurate ages of rocks rich in an index fossil provide a time when that species was common. So when the index fossil is found in another area we have an estimate of the age of the sediment and other associated fossils 11
12 Geologic time scale Originally i developed d before radiometric i dating was possible, and before evolution was a strongly supported hypothesis. Divided into five eras and later eras are divided into periods - based on changes in types of fossils found Archaen began 3.6 bya only prokaryotic cells, predominantly reduced sediments (no oxygen available), first oxygen producing photosynthesis (probably from bluegreen algae) as early as 3.5 bya Proterozoic began 2.5 bya first eukaryotes 2.0 bya, first multicellular organisms 1 bya first recognizable representatives of modern phyla (e.g. Cnidaria, Annelida, Arthropoda) at end of era ~ 650 mya known as pre-cambrian Paleozoic began 540 mya divided into 6 periods Mesozoic - began 250 mya - divided into 3 periods Cenozoic - began 65 mya - divided into 2 periods 12
13 Paleozoic era (540 mya) - divided into 6 periods Cambrian Marine life diversified, most modern animal phyla arose rapidly during this time, first vertebrates (agnathans) Ordovician 500 mya diversification of many animal phyla - end marked by mass extinction Silurian 440 mya many agnathans, first jawed fishes including the first bony fishes, first insects, first terrestrial vascular plants Devonian 410 mya Age of fishes - great diversification of fish types, including sharks, bony fishes, first amphibians, first ferns, first seed plants, mass extinction at end of period Carboniferous 360 mya - first forests of early ferns, seed plants, etc. (plant remains from this period produced many coal deposits), first winged insects, and first reptiles Permian 300 mya - further diversification ifi first mammal-like lik reptiles mass extinction of most marine life at end of period 13
14 Mesozoic era (250 mya) - divided into 3 periods Ti Triassic i first continental separation breakup of fpangea diversification of both marine and terrestrial forms including first dinosaurs and mammals Jurassic 200 mya - Age of dinosaurs diversification of many reptile groups, first birds, mammals diversify but most species are small, gymnosperms become dominant plant life Cretaceous 145 mya - complete continental separation, continued ddiversification ifi i of dinosaurs, birds, and mammals, increased diversity of flowering plants, - end marked by a massive extinction (called Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary ) 14
15 Cenozoic era (65 mya) with two periods Tertiary 65 mya - continents approached modern positions mammals diversified and filled niches previously filled by reptiles, diverse flowering plants and pollinating insects, diversification of teleost (spiny finned) fishes Quaternary 2 mya repeated glaciations, i extinction i of many large mammals, evolution of modern humans, agriculture The Tertiary Period is divided into 5 Epochs: Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene. The Quaternary Period is divided into 2 Epochs: Pleistocene and Holocene. We are currently in the Holocene Epoch. 15
16 The fossil record is necessarily incomplete but there are many things that can still be concluded about evolution Gradual evolution has been demonstrated in many groups where geologic strata have been deposited regularly - eg. Stickleback skeletal features show gradual evolution in multiple characteristics at different rates and times 16
17 Gradual evolution is well documented in marine organisms because sediments are regularly deposited along shorelines, river mouths, and deep basins. 17
18 Evolutionary change is well documented in horseshoe crabs. Horseshoe crabs are often called living fossils because the lineage dates to the Cambrian. 18
19 Macroevolution - the origin of higher taxa over long periods of geologic time is demonstrated in the fossil record The evolution of tetrapods from fishes The evolution of birds as a lineage of dinosaurs The evolution of mammals from reptiles The evolution of cetaceans from terrestrial mammals The evolution of humans from non-human primates In spite of the incompleteness of the fossil record, the pattern of appearance of lineages in the fossil record largely matches the phylogenetic sequences estimated independently. 19
20 Rhipidistian fishes appeared in the early Devonian (408 mya), had a complex jointed skull with many bones, teeth on several lbones in the jaws, lateral line canals on the head, internal and external nostrils, lobed fins with bony supports, and respired with both gills and lungs Eusthenopteron 20
21 The first amphibians appeared in the late Devonian (380 mya). They had a complex skull similar to rhipidistians, with teeth on the same bones. They had internal and external nostrils and lateral line canals on the head. They respired with both lungs and gills, but were clearly not fish. They had strong supports for appendages, stronger pectoral and pelvic girdle and increased size of bones in limbs Ichthyostega 21
22 Tiktallik is one of several intermediate forms known between Rhipidistians and Amphibians. It had gills, lungs, lobed fins, and a neck. 22
23 The link between dinosaurs and birds is the most famous link - Archaeopteryx - the smoking gun of evolution - known from the late Jurassic - when dinosaurs were common. It had many reptilian features - a long tail with many vertebrae, teeth in its jaws, claws on its forelimbs. It most closely resembled a theropod dinosaur. Its body was well feathered and it appeared to have flight feathers on its forelimbs. hoatzin
24 The fossil record of theropods suggests that feathers evolved before flight, perhaps for insulation. Feathers can be called a preadaptation - a feature that evolves for one purpose but is later used for another purpose. Synapomorphies: hollow long bones crescent shaped wrist bone expanded breastbone small feathers vaned feathers sickle-shaped claw on foot opposable hind toe short tail keeled breastbone and no teeth 24
25 The evolution of modern mammals from a reptilian ancestor is well documented in the fossil record - starting in the late Carboniferous and extending through the early Jurassic the progression of intermediate forms is clear. Synapsid reptiles were an early group of reptiles characterized by a temporal fenestra on each side of the skull. This character is retained in all mammalian descendants. The transition from synapsid reptiles to mammals involved several changes in different characteristics at different times. Teeth became more specialized in form and function. 25
26 The size of the brain increased. The legs moved to a position under the body. The jaws became simpler: the dentary became larger and eventually became the entire lower jaw the jaw joint simplified from a articulation with the quadrate to an articulation with the squamosal The teeth developed multiple cusps 26
27 The hard palate extended to the rear of the mouth - the internal nostrils opened into the throat. 27
28 Former jaw bones became the two of the three bones of the mammalian inner ear. 28
29 The evolution of the ear in mammals is well documented in the fossil record. The jaw articulation of early mammals was similar to mammal-like reptiles. 29
30 Modern cetaceans - whales and dolphins evolved from a terrestrial ancestor over the past 50 million years. Molecular evidence suggests that cetaceans are related to artiodactyls (Hippopotamus, p camel,,pigs, cattle, antelopes) Modern cetaceans have several unique characters - a nostril on top of the skull, a unique tympanic bone that encloses the ear, a foramen in the jaw that helps to transmit sound, stiff forelimbs, no hind limbs, nonfused sacral vertebrae, undifferentiated teeth, etc. 30
31 The evolution of each of these characteristics is documented in intermediate terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and fully aquatic forms. 31
32 32
33 Loss of rear limbs, stiffening of forelimbs, increased flexibility of the vertebral column are all apparent in intermediate forms. Ichthyosaurs - descended from a terrestrial reptile - independently evolved many cetacean characteristics long bf before the cetacean lineage began - a case of convergent and parallel evolution in multiple characteristics. 33
34 Read: The Hominin Fossil Record 34
35 The fossil record records many instances of evolutionary trends. Horse evolution many horse fossils exhibit a mixture of characteristics of intermediate forms ( missing link ) but also have features that the intermediate ancestor shouldn t have had. Thus they probably bl represent side branches that t retained characteristics ti of an ancestor that was a link to other forms but had also evolved new characteristics since diverging from the common ancestor - overall several trends are still clear. Evolutionary trends in horses Feet : walking on three toes walking on single central toe Teeth : evolution of complex ridges of enamel (lophs) with change in diet from leaves (browsers) to grasses (grazers) Jaws: elongation -with increased space between een incisors and molars and shift in position of molars toward the front Leg length and body size: increased associated with change in habitat from forests to plains 35
36 36
37 Although gradual evolution is documented in the fossil record, many lineages have distinct i gaps. The gaps have been interpreted as due to the incomplete nature of the fossil record. The gaps have also been interpreted as being due to a phenomenon called punctuated equilibria. First proposed as a model for evolution by Eldridge and Gould, where species change little for long periods of time (evolutionary stasis or equilibrium) and then appear to change very rapidly to a new form (punctuation). ti Their model proposes that small populations of a species evolve to a new form (allopatrically) without leaving any fossils and then the new form migrates to the range of the parent species where it becomes common and leaves a fossil record. 37
38 The same data can often be interpreted by gradual and punctuated models. Eldridge and Gould s model still incorporates a series of small, but very rapid evolutionary changes. Today, Eldridge has associated punctuations with periods of rapid ecological change, such as those periods following mass extinctions. 38
39 Rates of evolution vary greatly in fossil record - generally high rates of evolution are seen when a new lineage first comes into existence - there is often considerable evolutionary experimentation following origin of a new type of organism Rates of evolution appear to be slower in earlier periods. This may be a bias due to fewer intermediate representatives in older strata and less clear lines of descent Rates can vary greatly - measurements of rates in living organisms can be much higher h than that t seen in the fossil record - rate estimates from fossils are likely to be underestimates due to an inability to measure rates of evolution over short time spans using stratigraphic layers 39
Chapter 9: Earth s Past
Chapter 9: Earth s Past Vocabulary 1. Geologic column 2. Era 3. Period 4. Epoch 5. Evolution 6. Precambrian time 7. Paleozoic era 8. Shield 9. Stromatolite 10. Invertebrate 11. Trilobite 12. Index fossil
More informationUnit 5: Formation of the Earth
Unit 5: Formation of the Earth Objectives: E5.3B - Explain the process of radioactive decay and explain how radioactive elements are used to date the rocks that contain them. E5.3C - Relate major events
More informationName Class Date WHAT I KNOW. about how organisms have changed. grown in complexity over time.
History of Life Evolution Q: How do fossils help biologists understand the history of life on Earth? 19.1 How do scientists use fossils to study Earth s history? WHAT I KNOW SAMPLE ANSWER: Fossils give
More informationThe Fossil Record and Geologic Time Scale
Two Conceptions of Earth History: Catastrophism Assumption: Great Effects Require Great Causes Earth History Dominated by Violent Events Uniformitarianism Assumption: We Can Use Cause And Effect to Determine
More informationName: DUE: May 2, 2013 Ms. Galaydick. Geologic Time Scale Era Period End date (in millions of years) Cenozoic Quaternary present
Name: DUE: May 2, 2013 Ms. Galaydick Objective: Use the diagrams to answer the questions for each set: USING SCIENCE SKILLS PART #1 Geologic Time Scale Era Period End date (in millions of years) Cenozoic
More information3 The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras
CHAPTER 9 3 The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras SECTION A View of Earth s Past KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What were the periods of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras? What
More informationGEL 113 Historical Geology
GEL 113 Historical Geology COURSE DESCRIPTION: Prerequisites: GEL 111 Corequisites: None This course covers the geological history of the earth and its life forms. Emphasis is placed on the study of rock
More informationGeologic History Review
1. The climate that existed in an area during the early Paleozoic Era can best be determined by studying (1) the present climate of the area (2) recorded climate data of the area since 1700 (3) present
More information1. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers.
1. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers. Which statement about the deposition of the sediments best explains why these layers have the curved shape shown? 1) Sediments were
More informationLesson Plan Title. Toilet Paper Tape Measure of Geologic Time
Lesson Plan Title Toilet Paper Tape Measure of Geologic Time Name (last, first): Serratos, Danielle J. Scientific Theme(s): Life Science *Changes in Life Forms over Time Earth Science *Forces that Shape
More informationEvolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions
Evolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions Grade 7 (Evolution) 3.a Students know both genetic variation and environmental factors are causes of evolution and diversity of organisms. (pg. 109 Science
More informationUnit 2 Lesson 4 The Geologic Time Scale. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Once Upon a Time How have geologists described the rate of geologic change? Geology is the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth and the processes that shape it. Early geologists
More informationGeologic Time Scale Notes
Name: Date: Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Notes Essential Question: What is the geologic time scale? Vocabulary: Geology: the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth and the processes that
More informationEvidence for evolution factsheet
The theory of evolution by natural selection is supported by a great deal of evidence. Fossils Fossils are formed when organisms become buried in sediments, causing little decomposition of the organism.
More informationGeologic Time. This page last updated on 08-Oct-2015
Page 1 of 16 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Geologic Time This page last updated on 08-Oct-2015 From the beginning of this course, we have stated that the Earth is
More informationCRETACEOUS ALBERTA SCIENCE HALL. Changing Earth. What is Palaeontology. Changing Time. 1. This exhibit is based on a discovery made in
Worksheet Level 2 p. 1 CRETACEOUS ALBERTA 1. This exhibit is based on a discovery made in 2. What type of dinosaur was found at this site and how many individuals were there? 3. What was their age range?
More informationGeologic Time Scale Newcomer Academy Visualization Three
Geologic Time Newcomer Academy Visualization Three Chapter Subtopic/Media Key Points of Discussion Notes/Vocabulary Introduction Title NA NA Various Pictures of Geologic Time It s About Time Personal Timeline
More informationGeologic Time. Relative Dating. Principle of Original Horizontality. Relative Time. Absolute Time. Geologic Column
Geologic Time Relative Time 5 Principles of Relative Dating Absolute Time Radiometric Dating Geologic Column Relative Dating principle of horizontality principle of superposition principle of cross-cutting
More informationPractice Questions 1: Evolution
Practice Questions 1: Evolution 1. Which concept is best illustrated in the flowchart below? A. natural selection B. genetic manipulation C. dynamic equilibrium D. material cycles 2. The diagram below
More informationHuman Nature A look at the ways in which monkeys and apes are similar to humans, not just biologically but mentally and socially
Lesson Title: Life As We Know It Grade Level: 9-12 Time Allotment: 3 45-minute class periods Overview Where did life on Earth come from, and how did it become what it is today? Students will explore the
More informationORIGIN OF EARTH AND EVOLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Origin of Earth and Evoluation of the Environment MODULE - 1 1 ORIGIN OF EARTH AND EVOLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT We live on a beautiful planet called earth, along with a wide variety of plants, animals
More informationProblem Set 5 BILD10 / Winter 2014 Chapters 8, 10-12
Chapter 8: Evolution and Natural Selection 1) A population is: a) a group of species that shares the same habitat. b) a group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same general location
More informationTECTONICS ASSESSMENT
Tectonics Assessment / 1 TECTONICS ASSESSMENT 1. Movement along plate boundaries produces A. tides. B. fronts. C. hurricanes. D. earthquakes. 2. Which of the following is TRUE about the movement of continents?
More informationMacroevolution: Change above the species level NABT 2006 Evolution Symposium
Introduction Macroevolution: Change above the species level NABT 2006 Evolution Symposium The basic concept of evolution change over time can be examined in two different time frames. The first, which
More informationDiversity through time...
Diversity through time... Changes in dinosaur diversity by continent Count species? genera? families? through time 1) steady increase in diversity through time 2) Compare changes in diversity within each
More informationE.ST.06.42 Describe how fossils provide important evidence of how life and environmental conditions have.changed.
Dawn Wagner Lesson Plan- What is the Geologic Time Scale? BIG IDEA: Earth is 4.6 billion years old 2.6 Life on Earth began more than 3.5 billion years ago 2.7 Over Earth s vast history, both gradual and
More informationFoundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 5 th edition, 2008)
EAS 100 Study Guide to Textbook Foundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 5 th edition, 2008) STUDY GUIDE 1/08 The textbook for EAS 100, Foundations of Earth Science, by Lutgens and Tarbuck is
More informationFoundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 6 th edition, 2011)
EAS 100 Study Guide to Textbook Foundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 6 th edition, 2011) STUDY GUIDE 8/2010 The textbook for EAS 100, Foundations of Earth Science, by Lutgens and Tarbuck
More informationRocks and Plate Tectonics
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Rocks and Plate Tectonics Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral or
More informationChapter 25: The History of Life on Earth
Overview Name Period 1. In the last chapter, you were asked about macroevolution. To begin this chapter, give some examples of macroevolution. Include at least one novel example not in your text. Concept
More informationThere are numerous seams on the surface of the Earth
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift There are numerous seams on the surface of the Earth Questions and Topics 1. What are the theories of Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift? 2. What is the evidence
More information6.E.2.2 Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Name: Date: 1. The road shown below was suddenly broken by a natural event. 3. The convergence of two continental plates would produce Which natural event most likely caused the crack in the road? island
More information89.215 - FORENSIC GEOLOGY GEOLOGIC TIME AND GEOLOGIC MAPS
NAME 89.215 - FORENSIC GEOLOGY GEOLOGIC TIME AND GEOLOGIC MAPS I. Introduction There are two types of geologic time, relative and absolute. In the case of relative time geologic events are arranged in
More information7 N + e + ν e. (1) P(t)dt = e t/t 0
Evidence for evolution from fossils For a much more detailed discussion of evidence for evolution, see http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/ Our second lecture on evidence for evolution will concentrate
More informationBIO 1: Review: Evolution
Name: Class: Date: ID: A BIO 1: Review: Evolution True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. Radiometric dating measures the age of an object by measuring the proportions of radioactive
More informationName: LAB: The Geologic Time Scale
Name: LAB: The Geologic Time Scale INTRODUCTION: It is difficult to comprehend the age of the Earth and the time that various geologic events occurred in the past. A model drawn to scale is often useful
More information[chime plays] [music plays]
[chime plays] [CLARKE (narration):] The animal kingdom is made up of major groups, recognized by key traits. Fish have fins. Some land animals have four legs, others six, and several different groups have
More informationLecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 11 Earth Science, 12e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 11 Earth Science, 12e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More informationGeorgia Performance Standards Framework for Science Grade 6. Unit Organizer: Geology: Inside the Earth (Approximate Time: 7 Weeks)
The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary. Many more GaDOE approved instructional plans are
More informationprinciples of stratigraphy: deposition, succession, continuity and correlation
Relative Age Dating Comparative Records of Time Nature of the rock record principles of stratigraphy: deposition, succession, continuity and correlation Stratigraphic tools biological succession of life:
More informationHow Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form?
298 10.14 INVESTIGATION How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form? The terrain below contains various features on the seafloor, as well as parts of three continents. Some general observations
More informationObserving Vertebrate Skeletons
Name Class Date Chapter 33 Comparing Chordates Observing Vertebrate Skeletons Introduction One characteristic common to all vertebrates is the presence of a skeleton. The endoskeleton provides support,
More information1. Michigan Geological History Presentation (Michigan Natural Resources)
1. Michigan Geological History Presentation (Michigan Natural Resources) The Michigan Geological History Presentation provides an overview of the approximately 3 billion years of Earth Processes that the
More information1. Over the past century, several scientists around the world have made the following observations:
Evolution Keystone Review 1. Over the past century, several scientists around the world have made the following observations: New mitochondria and plastids can only be generated by old mitochondria and
More informationDinosaur Time-line. What other animals lived then? How long ago did the dinosaurs live? Did dinosaurs live at the same time as people?
Dinosaur Time-line How long ago did the dinosaurs live? The Age of Dinosaurs began nearly 250 million years ago, but the first true dinosaurs appeared closer to 220 million years ago. Some dinosaurs evolved
More informationThe Milwaukee Public Museum optional extra credit assignment
Geo Sci 100 MPM Optional Extra Cedit Assignment - Page 1 of 8 Name: Lab #: The Milwaukee Public Museum optional extra credit assignment This assignment is due to your TA (in person, or in their mailbox
More informationUnit 4 Lesson 2 Plate Tectonics. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Puzzling Evidence What evidence suggests that continents move? In the late 1800s, Alfred Wegener proposed his hypothesis of continental drift. According to this hypothesis, the continents once formed a
More informationTheory of Evolution. A. the beginning of life B. the evolution of eukaryotes C. the evolution of archaebacteria D. the beginning of terrestrial life
Theory of Evolution 1. In 1966, American biologist Lynn Margulis proposed the theory of endosymbiosis, or the idea that mitochondria are the descendents of symbiotic, aerobic eubacteria. What does the
More informationAlfred Wegener s Theory of Continental Drift Became Modern Plate Tectonics. Wegener in Greenland about 1912. He froze to death there in 1930.
Alfred Wegener s Theory of Continental Drift Became Modern Plate Tectonics Wegener in Greenland about 1912. He froze to death there in 1930. Science is self correcting. The Scientific Method The history
More informationHow To Pass A Geology Test
2006 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Earth and Environmental Science Total marks 100 General Instructions Reading time 5 minutes Working time 3 hours Write using black or blue pen Draw diagrams using
More informationChordata- vertebrates
Chordata- vertebrates Animal phylogeny based on sequencing of SSU-rRNA Phylum Chordata Distinguishing Features 1. Pharyngeal gill slits 2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. Notochord 4. Muscular postanal tail
More informationEARTH SYSTEM: HISTORY AND NATURAL VARIABILITY - Vol. IV - Epeiric Seas: A Continental Extension of Shelf Biotas - Harries P.J.
EPEIRIC SEAS: A CONTINENTAL EXTENSION OF SHELF BIOTAS Harries P.J. University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida USA Keywords: Epeiric seas, climate change, sea-level rise, biodiversity, endemism, sediments,
More informationUSING RELATIVE DATING AND UNCONFORMITIES TO DETERMINE SEQUENCES OF EVENTS
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT THROUGH TIME LABORATORY- EES 1005 LABORATORY THREE USING RELATIVE DATING AND UNCONFORMITIES TO DETERMINE SEQUENCES OF EVENTS Introduction In order to interpret Earth history from
More informationGeologic time and dating. Geologic time refers to the ages relevant to Earth s history
Geologic time and dating Most figures and tables contained here are from course text: Understanding Earth Fourth Edition by Frank Press, Raymond Siever, John Grotzinger, and Thomas H. Jordan Geologic time
More informationRocks & Minerals. 10. Which rock type is most likely to be monomineralic? 1) rock salt 3) basalt 2) rhyolite 4) conglomerate
1. Of the Earth's more than 2,000 identified minerals, only a small number are commonly found in rocks. This fact indicates that most 1) minerals weather before they can be identified 2) minerals have
More informationPlate Tectonics and Climate Episodes of Extensive Glaciation and Extreme Global Warmth
FIRST CASE STUDY Plate Tectonics and Climate Episodes of Extensive Glaciation and Extreme Global Warmth The most persuasive evidence for global climatic change in Earth history is the record of extensive
More informationUnderstanding Geologic Time from the Texas Memorial Museum
Understanding Geologic Time from the Texas Memorial Museum Objective To gain a better understanding of the geologic time scale. Materials Activity 1: Geologic Time Geologic Time Activity Worksheet (included)
More informationCHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages in the development of a terrestrial planet? 2. That Earth, evidence that Earth differentiated.
More informationHistory of the Earth/Geologic Time 5E Unit
History of the Earth/Geologic Time 5E Unit Description: Students will create a timeline of Earth history in the classroom and learn about major changes to the Earth and life through time. Standards Targeted:
More informationSection 1 Earth s surface undergoes gradual and sudden changes
Section 1 Earth s surface undergoes gradual and sudden changes Student Class 1. Scientists estimate the age of the Earth to be about 4.6 billion years old, using evidence and theories. Then they construct
More informationUNIT TWO TURTLE BIOLOGY
UNIT TWO TURTLE BIOLOGY 43 44 Science Expectations met in this unit: UNIT TWO: TURTLE BIOLOGY Activity Number: Activity Name Strand Grade 2 Growth and Changes in Animals Grade 4 Habitats and 5: Camouflage
More informationPlate Tectonics Short Study Guide
Name: Class: Date: Plate Tectonics Short Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The existence of coal beds in Antarctica
More informationGEOL 104 Dinosaurs: A Natural History Geology Assignment. DUE: Mon. Sept. 18
GEOL 104 Dinosaurs: A Natural History Geology Assignment DUE: Mon. Sept. 18 Part I: Environments of Deposition Geologists can use various clues in sedimentary rocks to interpret their environment of deposition:
More information4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67)
4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67) Seafloor Spreading In the early 1960s, samples of basaltic ocean crust were dredged up from various locations across the ocean basins. The samples were then analyzed to
More informationWhat are Rocks??? Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are a naturally occurring collection of one or more minerals.
The Rock Cycle What are Rocks??? Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are a naturally occurring collection of one or more minerals. The Rock Cycle a cycle that continuously forms and changes
More informationIntroduction to Animals
Introduction to Animals Unity and Diversity of Life Q: What characteristics and traits define animals? 25.1 What is an animal? WHAT I KNOW SAMPLE ANSWER: Animals are different from other living things
More informationChesapeake Bay Governor School for Marine and Environmental Science
Choose the best answer and write on the answer sheet provided. 1. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an effect of global warming? (a) Loss of fertile delta regions for agriculture (b) Change
More informationContinental Drift. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on:
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Continental Drift Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on: Similarities in shorelines
More informationThe Dynamic Crust 2) EVIDENCE FOR CRUSTAL MOVEMENT
The Dynamic Crust 1) Virtually everything you need to know about the interior of the earth can be found on page 10 of your reference tables. Take the time to become familiar with page 10 and everything
More informationThe Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Correlation to. EarthComm, Second Edition. Project-Based Space and Earth System Science
The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Achieve, Inc. on behalf of the twenty-six states and partners that collaborated on the NGSS Copyright 2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. Correlation to,
More informationES Chapter 10 Review. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: ES Chapter 10 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Scientists used the pattern of alternating normal and reversed
More informationScope and Sequence Interactive Science grades 6-8
Science and Technology Chapter 1. What Is Science? 1. Science and the Natural World 2.Thinking Like a Scientist 3. Scientific Inquiry Scope and Sequence Interactive Science grades 6-8 Chapter 2. Science,
More informationName: Period: # Plate Tectonics. Journey to the center of the Earth
Plate Tectonics Journey to the center of the Earth Use pages 124 129 to answer the following questions. Exploring Inside Earth (p. 125-126) 1. What are the two main types of evidence that Geologist use
More informationThe Earth System. The geosphere is the solid Earth that includes the continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of Earth s interior.
The Earth System The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope that surrounds Earth. It consists of a mixture of gases composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The atmosphere and
More informationStudy Guide Questions Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
Study Guide Questions Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics What evidence did Alfred Wegener present in 1912 to support the idea of continental drift? Why did most geologists at the time dismiss Wegener
More informationgiganotosaurus Michael P. Goecke
giganotosaurus Michael P. Goecke Giganotosaurus A Buddy Book by Michael P. Goecke VISIT US AT www.abdopublishing.com Published by ABDO Publishing Company, 4940 Viking Drive, Edina, Minnesota 55435. Copyright
More informationWhat is a fossil? 1. What does the name of your dinosaur mean? 2. In which geological time period did your dinosaur live?
Name: School: Date: 1. What does the name of your dinosaur mean? 2. In which geological time period did your dinosaur live? 3. Where in the world are the fossil remains of your dinosaur found today? 4.
More informationnucleus cytoplasm membrane wall A cell is the smallest unit that makes up living and nonliving things.
1 In nature there are living things and nonliving things. Living things depend on three basic life processes: nutrition, sensitivity and reproduction. Living things are made up of cells. 1. Match the two
More informationWhat are the controls for calcium carbonate distribution in marine sediments?
Lecture 14 Marine Sediments (1) The CCD is: (a) the depth at which no carbonate secreting organisms can live (b) the depth at which seawater is supersaturated with respect to calcite (c) the depth at which
More information11A Plate Tectonics. What is plate tectonics? Setting up. Materials
11A Plate Tectonics What is plate tectonics? Earth s crust plus the upper mantle forms the lithosphere. Earth s lithosphere is broken in a number of different pieces. How these pieces move and interact
More informationClassification and Evolution
Classification and Evolution Starter: How many different ways could I split these objects into 2 groups? Classification All living things can also be grouped how do we decide which groups to put them into?
More informationGeol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II
Geol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II 4. Which of the following statements about paleomagnetism at spreading ridges is FALSE? A. there is a clear pattern of paleomagnetic
More informationORANGE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OFFICE OF CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION OFFICE OF SCIENCE. GRADE 6 SCIENCE Post - Assessment
ORANGE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OFFICE OF CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION OFFICE OF SCIENCE GRADE 6 SCIENCE Post - Assessment School Year 2013-2014 Directions for Grade 6 Post-Assessment The Grade 6 Post-Assessment is
More informationFeathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight
Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight Exhibition Organized and Circulated by: The Dinosaur Museum, Utah The Fossil Administration Office, Liaoning, China Beipiao City Paleontological Research Center,
More informationThe Art of the Tree of Life. Catherine Ibes & Priscilla Spears March 2012
The Art of the Tree of Life Catherine Ibes & Priscilla Spears March 2012 from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Charles Darwin, The
More informationII. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013)
EAPS 100 Planet Earth Lecture Topics Brief Outlines II. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013) 1. Interior of the Earth Learning objectives: Understand the structure of the Earth s interior crust,
More informationFORMATION OF EARTH. Today we are going to talk about the earth.how it was formed.
FORMATION OF EARTH Have you ever wondered about the universe? What made it possible.how it was formed? Of course, religion has explained for centuries the intricacies of creation. And as always, science
More informationPlate Tectonics. Hi, I am Zed and I am going to take you on a trip learning about Plate Tectonics. And I am Buddy Zed s mascot
Plate Tectonics Hi, I am Zed and I am going to take you on a trip learning about Plate Tectonics And I am Buddy Zed s mascot Continental Drift Alfred Wegener proposed that continents were not always where
More informationThis is a series of skulls and front leg fossils of organisms believed to be ancestors of the modern-day horse.
Evidence of Evolution Background When Charles Darwin first proposed the idea that all new species descend from an ancestor, he performed an exhaustive amount of research to provide as much evidence as
More informationThe concepts developed in this standard include the following: Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of the Earth.
Name Date Grade 5 SOL 5.6 Review Oceans Made by SOLpass - www.solpass.org solpass100@comcast.net Reproduction is permitted for SOLpass subscribers only. The concepts developed in this standard include
More informationA CONTENT STANDARD IS NOT MET UNLESS APPLICABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE ARE ALSO ADDRESSED AT THE SAME TIME.
Earth Systems Curriculum The Georgia Performance Standards are designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills for proficiency in science. The Project 2061 s Benchmarks for Science Literacy
More informationTectonic plates have different boundaries.
KEY CONCEPT Plates move apart. BEFORE, you learned The continents join and break apart The sea floor provides evidence that tectonic plates move The theory of plate tectonics helps explain how the plates
More informationUnit 4: The Rock Cycle
Unit 4: The Rock Cycle Objective: E 3.1A Discriminate between igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and describe the processes that change one kind of rock into another. E 3.1B Explain the relationship
More informationLecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison. This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies.
Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison Astronomy 141 Winter 2012 This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies. The small terrestrial planets have
More informationCHEMICAL SIGNATURES OF ASTEROID IMPACTS
CHEMICAL SIGNATURES OF ASTEROID IMPACTS INTRODUCTION The film The Day the Mesozoic Died identifies the presence of high quantities of iridium (Ir) in the clay layer at the boundary between the Cretaceous
More informationThe Geology of the Marginal Way, Ogunquit, Maine
Geologic Site of the Month February, 2002 The Geology of the Marginal Way, Ogunquit, Maine 43 14 23.88 N, 70 35 18.36 W Text by Arthur M. Hussey II, Bowdoin College and Robert G. Marvinney,, Department
More informationEarth Science Chapter 14 Section 2 Review
Name: Class: Date: Earth Science Chapter 14 Section Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the three
More informationThe Ice Age By: Sue Peterson
www.k5learning.com Objective sight words (pulses, intermittent, isotopes, chronicle, methane, tectonic plates, volcanism, configurations, land-locked, erratic); concepts (geological evidence and specific
More informationRide the Rock Cycle. Suggested Goals: Students will gain an understanding of how a rock can move through the different stages of the rock cycle.
Illinois State Museum Geology Online http://geologyonline.museum.state.il.us Ride the Rock Cycle Grade Level: 5 6 Purpose: To teach students that the rock cycle, like the water cycle, has various stages
More informationEarth Science Grade 4 Minerals
Earth Science Grade 4 Minerals Standards: Identifies the physical properties of minerals Teacher Background Minerals are pure substances and mix together to make rocks. Rocks have a cycle and different
More information