The Art of the Tree of Life. Catherine Ibes & Priscilla Spears March 2012
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1 The Art of the Tree of Life Catherine Ibes & Priscilla Spears March 2012
2 from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species
3 What is the Tree of Life? The concept that life originated at least 3.8 billion years ago and has diversified from common ancestry. A branching diagram that illustrates our knowledge of life s diversity and history. The way biologists currently classify life. This natural classification is here to stay.
4 A basic law of biology This biological law of everything is that every living thing on the planet had parents. Neil Shubin, Your Inner Fish
5 Tree of Life Is in from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species From the website tolweb.org
6 Five Kingdoms is out It s history now!
7 What is left of Linnaeus? Biologists recognize three kingdoms of life, fungi, animals, and plants. Protists and prokaryotes are not considered kingdoms. Linnaean classification (Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) is mainly studied as part of the history of biology. Genus and species are still valid.
8 Why doesn t Linnaean classification work? Based on morphology (appearance) Relatives may not look alike. Look-alikes may not be related. Linnaean classification works best in the animal kingdom, but even there it omits important groups, such as the tetrapods and amniotes.
9 Why can t we use morphology alone to classify? Adaptive Radiation These three genera of the sunflower family are closely related. The two Hawaiian genera can interbreed. Tarweed, Madia Hawaiian silversword Argyroxiphium Wilkesia (green sword) on Kauai Photo by Forest & Kim Starr, USGS CC attribution license
10 These three plants have arrived at similar solutions to life in a desert environment. They belong to three different families and are native to different continents.
11 Linnaean classification Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia
12 Evolutionary tree classification reptiles archosaurs crocodilians Non-avian dinosaurs amniotes squamates birds snakes lizards synapsids pelycosaurs dicynodonts mammals = extinct
13 Why do you need to present the Tree of Life? Children will see branching diagrams with increasing frequency. They need to be able to understand these diagrams. The Tree of Life has replaced the Five Kingdoms scheme of classification. Linnaean classification has limited uses, and cannot be used for the overview of all life.
14 Premises of the Tree of Life Life has evolved from an ancient common ancestor. We cannot understand the diversity of life without the history of life. Many branches of life have evolved. Some are extant, others extinct. Valid branches include an ancestral organism and all of its descendants.
15 A Tree-of-Life View of Diversity Available for free download at
16 A better basic introduction Engages children with drawing Shows the main lineages of life Tells the story of life in a simple, memorable way
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42 The Tree of Life
43 A Tree-of-Life View of Diversity Available for free download at
44 Where does the Tree of Life lesson fit? A key lesson to introduce life science studies the whole overview It comes after the timeline of life, but before kingdom-level studies. It can lead to study of any branch of life animal phyla, mammal lineages, flowering plant families, etc.
45 What comes next? Nesting diagrams help children understand branching diagrams. Stories of lineages on the timeline of life show children specific examples. Study of selected branches of the Tree of Life
46 fleshy fins or limbs four limbs reproduce on land dry, scaly skin feathers lobe-fins tetrapods amniotes reptiles birds A nesting diagram for focus on important derived characters
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48 The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree. I believe this simile largely speaks the truth. The green and budding twigs may represent existing species; and those produced during each former year may represent the long succession of extinct species. As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications. Charles Darwin
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