DNA: Molecule of Life
|
|
|
- Alban Wilkins
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 DNA: Molecule of Life History DNA Structure Protein Synthesis Gene Regulation
2 History of DNA H I S T O By the 1940 s, scientists knew that chromosomes consisted of both DNA and protein but did not know which was the genetic material. Scientists wanted it to be protein since they knew more about its structure. The following experiments shed some light. R Y
3 Animation here Heat-killed, diseasecausing bacteria (smooth colonies) Disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Harmless bacteria (rough colonies) Heat-killed, diseasecausing bacteria (smooth colonies) Control (no growth) Harmless bacteria (rough colonies) Dies of pneumonia Lives Lives Live, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Dies of pneumonia Harmless, live R strain somehow became disease causing S strain transformation HOW?
4 Bacteriophage with phosphorus-32 in DNA Phage infects bacterium Radioactivity inside bacterium Bacteriophage with sulfur-35 in protein coat Phage infects bacterium No radioactivity inside bacterium
5
6 Hershey Chase Experiment
7 D N A Phosphate group Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogen bases Nucleotide: the monomer (repeating unit) of DNA S T R U C T U R E Sugar-phosphate backbone What limitations exist in our model of DNA? Nucleotide Key Hydrogen bonds-very weak Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)
8 D N A Chromosome Nucleosome Coils DNA packing (ExpLIFE 12.1) DNA double helix S T R U C T U R E Supercoils Histones Chromatin: DNA unassociated with structural proteins. Chromosome is made up of a DNA-Histone protein complex. Compacts a very long (2m) sequence of DNA.
9 D N A R E P L I C A T I O N Helicase unwind and separate the double helix, breaking weak H-bonds: replication fork DNA Replication Animation DNA polymerases rebuild each strand adding nucleotides to each side according to basepairing rules. Each new double helix consists of one old strand linked to one new DNA strand.
10 D N A R E P L I C A T I O N Errors sometimes occur (about 1 error/10,000 pairs) If a mismatch occurs, the DNA polymerase can backtrack, remove the incorrect nucleotide, and replace it with the correct one.
11
12 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic What observations can you make between the Pro/Eukaryotic DNA? Eukaryotic chromosomes are so long that it would take 33 days to replicate a typical human chromosome if there were only one origin of replication. Human chromosomes are replicated in about 100 sections that are 100,000 nucleotides long, each section with its own starting point. Because eukaryotic cells have multiple replication forks working at the same time, an entire human chromosome can be replicated in about 8 hours.
13 What are the critical characteristics of DNA that allow both the lasting storage of information and the transfer of information through copying (replication)? What are the dis/advanages of an information transfer system that uses as physical pattern, or template?
14 How does the DNA store and transmit these messages? A particular sequence (a gene) along a strand of DNA codes for the production of a specific protein. In this activity, you will explore the production of one protein produced by your stomach. This protein, pepsinogen, is an inactive form of an enzyme that aids in digestion. Exp Life CD: 11.4
15 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Click to play the video. DNA RNA Double Strand Deoxyribose Thymine Single Strand Ribose Uracil
16 Gene Transcription and Translation Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Gene processing animation RNA processing
17 Transcription: DNA RNA DNA template Non-template RNA strand Click to play the video. TAC AAG TTT GAC CAT ATG TTC AAA CTG GTA AUG UUC AAA CUG GUA DNA DNA unwinds RNA RNA polymerase copies at a rate of 60 nucleotides/sec
18 DNA RNA RNA polymerase Translation observation (BSCS DVD 3 ) Translation details Nucleus Phenylalanine trna Lysine mrna Methionine Ribosome mrna Start codon
19 The Polypeptide Assembly Line The ribosome joins the two amino acids methionine and phenylalanine and breaks the bond between methionine and its trna. The trna exits, allowing the ribosome to bind to another trna. The ribosome moves along the mrna, binding new trna molecules and amino acids. Growing polypeptide chain trna Ribosome Lysine trna mrna mrna Ribosome Translation direction Completing the Polypeptide The process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons. The result is a growing polypeptide chain.
20 Codons in mrna Start codon
21
22
23 Mutation - changes in DNA DNA template TAC GCA TGG AAT ACT ATG CGT ACC TTA TGA RNA transcript AUG CGU ACC UUA UGA Amino acids Met Arg Thr Leu stop Substitution codon 2 as GTA Substitution codon 2 as GCG Insertion codon 1 TATC Deletion nucleotide Point Mutation Silent Mutation Frame Shift Mutation
24 Normal hemoglobin GGG CTT CTT TTT Sickled hemoglobin GGG CAT CTT TTT Transcribe and translate the two DNA sequences. What kind of mutation does this represent? Protein structure As a result of this mutation, the proteins are also misshapen causing sickled cells to clog capillaries and prevent normal flow of blood to body tissues, causing severe pain. Explain why the correct sequence is important to protein synthesis. Assume the base sequence is GGG CTT CTT AAA Would this result in sickled hemoglobin? Explain.
25 Chromosomal Mutations (ExpLIFE 12.2) Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation How can the movement of genes take place? Which mutation variety would be most damaging?
26 Regulation of Protein Synthesis Every cell in your body, with the exception of gametes, or sex cells, contains a complete copy of your DNA. Why, then, are some cells nerve cells with dendrites and axons, while others are red blood cells that have lost their nuclei and are packed with hemoglobin? Why are cells so different in structure and function? If the characteristics of a cell depend upon the proteins that are synthesized, what does this tell you about protein synthesis?
27 Typical Gene Structure lac operon (ExamView) Exploring a stretch of code of DNA Chromosome 11 Fly-over Regulatory sites Promoter (RNA polymerase binding site) DNA strand Start transcription Stop transcription
28 Complexities of Gene Expression The relationship between genes and their effects is complex. Despite the neatness of the genetic code, every gene cannot be simply linked to a single outcome. Some genes are expressed only at certain times or under specific conditions. Variations and mistakes can occur at each of the steps in replication and expression. The final outcome of gene expression is affected by the environment of the cells, the presence of other cells, and the timing of gene expression.
29 Section Do you think that cells produce all the proteins for which the DNA (genes) code? Why or why not? How do the proteins made affect the type and function of cells? 2. Consider what you now know about genes and protein synthesis. What might be some ways that a cell has control over the proteins it produces? 3. What type(s) of organic compounds are most likely the ones that help to regulate protein synthesis? Justify your answer.
DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis. This isn t a baaaaaaaddd chapter!!!
DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis This isn t a baaaaaaaddd chapter!!! The Discovery of DNA s Structure Watson and Crick s discovery of DNA s structure was based on almost fifty years of research by other
Genetic information (DNA) determines structure of proteins DNA RNA proteins cell structure 3.11 3.15 enzymes control cell chemistry ( metabolism )
Biology 1406 Exam 3 Notes Structure of DNA Ch. 10 Genetic information (DNA) determines structure of proteins DNA RNA proteins cell structure 3.11 3.15 enzymes control cell chemistry ( metabolism ) Proteins
Name Class Date. Figure 13 1. 2. Which nucleotide in Figure 13 1 indicates the nucleic acid above is RNA? a. uracil c. cytosine b. guanine d.
13 Multiple Choice RNA and Protein Synthesis Chapter Test A Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. Which of the following are found in both
From DNA to Protein. Proteins. Chapter 13. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. The Path From Genes to Proteins. All proteins consist of polypeptide chains
Proteins From DNA to Protein Chapter 13 All proteins consist of polypeptide chains A linear sequence of amino acids Each chain corresponds to the nucleotide base sequence of a gene The Path From Genes
DNA, RNA, Protein synthesis, and Mutations. Chapters 12-13.3
DNA, RNA, Protein synthesis, and Mutations Chapters 12-13.3 1A)Identify the components of DNA and explain its role in heredity. DNA s Role in heredity: Contains the genetic information of a cell that can
a. Ribosomal RNA rrna a type ofrna that combines with proteins to form Ribosomes on which polypeptide chains of proteins are assembled
Biology 101 Chapter 14 Name: Fill-in-the-Blanks Which base follows the next in a strand of DNA is referred to. as the base (1) Sequence. The region of DNA that calls for the assembly of specific amino
Multiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided.
Name lass Date hapter 12 DN and RN hapter Test Multiple hoice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. Pearson Education, Inc. ll rights reserved.
Transcription and Translation of DNA
Transcription and Translation of DNA Genotype our genetic constitution ( makeup) is determined (controlled) by the sequence of bases in its genes Phenotype determined by the proteins synthesised when genes
Structure and Function of DNA
Structure and Function of DNA DNA and RNA Structure DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. They consist of chemical units called nucleotides. The nucleotides are joined by a sugar-phosphate backbone. The four
Molecular Genetics. RNA, Transcription, & Protein Synthesis
Molecular Genetics RNA, Transcription, & Protein Synthesis Section 1 RNA AND TRANSCRIPTION Objectives Describe the primary functions of RNA Identify how RNA differs from DNA Describe the structure and
Coding sequence the sequence of nucleotide bases on the DNA that are transcribed into RNA which are in turn translated into protein
Assignment 3 Michele Owens Vocabulary Gene: A sequence of DNA that instructs a cell to produce a particular protein Promoter a control sequence near the start of a gene Coding sequence the sequence of
2. The number of different kinds of nucleotides present in any DNA molecule is A) four B) six C) two D) three
Chem 121 Chapter 22. Nucleic Acids 1. Any given nucleotide in a nucleic acid contains A) two bases and a sugar. B) one sugar, two bases and one phosphate. C) two sugars and one phosphate. D) one sugar,
Name Date Period. 2. When a molecule of double-stranded DNA undergoes replication, it results in
DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis Keystone 1. During the process shown above, the two strands of one DNA molecule are unwound. Then, DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strand which results
PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS
PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS B 1. One of the functions of DNA is to A. secrete vacuoles. B. make copies of itself. C. join amino acids to each other.
Genetics Module B, Anchor 3
Genetics Module B, Anchor 3 Key Concepts: - An individual s characteristics are determines by factors that are passed from one parental generation to the next. - During gamete formation, the alleles for
ISTEP+: Biology I End-of-Course Assessment Released Items and Scoring Notes
ISTEP+: Biology I End-of-Course Assessment Released Items and Scoring Notes Page 1 of 22 Introduction Indiana students enrolled in Biology I participated in the ISTEP+: Biology I Graduation Examination
Protein Synthesis. Page 41 Page 44 Page 47 Page 42 Page 45 Page 48 Page 43 Page 46 Page 49. Page 41. DNA RNA Protein. Vocabulary
Protein Synthesis Vocabulary Transcription Translation Translocation Chromosomal mutation Deoxyribonucleic acid Frame shift mutation Gene expression Mutation Point mutation Page 41 Page 41 Page 44 Page
Provincial Exam Questions. 9. Give one role of each of the following nucleic acids in the production of an enzyme.
Provincial Exam Questions Unit: Cell Biology: Protein Synthesis (B7 & B8) 2010 Jan 3. Describe the process of translation. (4 marks) 2009 Sample 8. What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis? A.
Thymine = orange Adenine = dark green Guanine = purple Cytosine = yellow Uracil = brown
1 DNA Coloring - Transcription & Translation Transcription RNA, Ribonucleic Acid is very similar to DNA. RNA normally exists as a single strand (and not the double stranded double helix of DNA). It contains
From DNA to Protein
Nucleus Control center of the cell contains the genetic library encoded in the sequences of nucleotides in molecules of DNA code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins determines which specific proteins
Academic Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Test
Academic Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Test Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Each organism has a unique combination
RNA and Protein Synthesis
Name lass Date RN and Protein Synthesis Information and Heredity Q: How does information fl ow from DN to RN to direct the synthesis of proteins? 13.1 What is RN? WHT I KNOW SMPLE NSWER: RN is a nucleic
13.2 Ribosomes & Protein Synthesis
13.2 Ribosomes & Protein Synthesis Introduction: *A specific sequence of bases in DNA carries the directions for forming a polypeptide, a chain of amino acids (there are 20 different types of amino acid).
DNA. Discovery of the DNA double helix
DNA Replication DNA Discovery of the DNA double helix A. 1950 s B. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA. C. Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin s X-ray. What is DNA? Question:
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Brief History 1 1869 - Miescher Isolated nuclein from soiled bandages 1902 - Garrod Studied rare genetic disorder: Alkaptonuria; concluded that specific gene is associated
CCR Biology - Chapter 8 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 8 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What did Hershey and Chase know
Chapter 11: Molecular Structure of DNA and RNA
Chapter 11: Molecular Structure of DNA and RNA Student Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Understand the major experiments that led to the discovery of DNA as
12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity
12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity Only in the last 50 years have scientists understood the role of DNA in heredity. That understanding began with the discovery of DNA s structure. In 1952, Rosalind Franklin
Gene and Chromosome Mutation Worksheet (reference pgs. 239-240 in Modern Biology textbook)
Name Date Per Look at the diagrams, then answer the questions. Gene Mutations affect a single gene by changing its base sequence, resulting in an incorrect, or nonfunctional, protein being made. (a) A
Modeling DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
Skills Practice Lab Modeling DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis OBJECTIVES Construct and analyze a model of DNA. Use a model to simulate the process of replication. Use a model to simulate the process
1 Mutation and Genetic Change
CHAPTER 14 1 Mutation and Genetic Change SECTION Genes in Action KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is the origin of genetic differences among organisms? What kinds
Ms. Campbell Protein Synthesis Practice Questions Regents L.E.
Name Student # Ms. Campbell Protein Synthesis Practice Questions Regents L.E. 1. A sequence of three nitrogenous bases in a messenger-rna molecule is known as a 1) codon 2) gene 3) polypeptide 4) nucleotide
Protein Synthesis How Genes Become Constituent Molecules
Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis How Genes Become Constituent Molecules Mendel and The Idea of Gene What is a Chromosome? A chromosome is a molecule of DNA 50% 50% 1. True 2. False True False Protein
Translation Study Guide
Translation Study Guide This study guide is a written version of the material you have seen presented in the replication unit. In translation, the cell uses the genetic information contained in mrna to
3120-1 - Page 1. Name:
Name: 1) Which series is arranged in correct order according to decreasing size of structures? A) DNA, nucleus, chromosome, nucleotide, nitrogenous base B) chromosome, nucleus, nitrogenous base, nucleotide,
To be able to describe polypeptide synthesis including transcription and splicing
Thursday 8th March COPY LO: To be able to describe polypeptide synthesis including transcription and splicing Starter Explain the difference between transcription and translation BATS Describe and explain
Sample Questions for Exam 3
Sample Questions for Exam 3 1. All of the following occur during prometaphase of mitosis in animal cells except a. the centrioles move toward opposite poles. b. the nucleolus can no longer be seen. c.
Name: Date: Period: DNA Unit: DNA Webquest
Name: Date: Period: DNA Unit: DNA Webquest Part 1 History, DNA Structure, DNA Replication DNA History http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/1/concept/index.html Read the text and answer the following questions.
DNA is found in all organisms from the smallest bacteria to humans. DNA has the same composition and structure in all organisms!
Biological Sciences Initiative HHMI DNA omponents and Structure Introduction Nucleic acids are molecules that are essential to, and characteristic of, life on Earth. There are two basic types of nucleic
Genetics Test Biology I
Genetics Test Biology I Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Avery s experiments showed that bacteria are transformed by a. RNA. c. proteins.
RNA & Protein Synthesis
RNA & Protein Synthesis Genes send messages to cellular machinery RNA Plays a major role in process Process has three phases (Genetic) Transcription (Genetic) Translation Protein Synthesis RNA Synthesis
The sequence of bases on the mrna is a code that determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide being synthesized:
Module 3F Protein Synthesis So far in this unit, we have examined: How genes are transmitted from one generation to the next Where genes are located What genes are made of How genes are replicated How
Central Dogma. Lecture 10. Discussing DNA replication. DNA Replication. DNA mutation and repair. Transcription
Central Dogma transcription translation DNA RNA Protein replication Discussing DNA replication (Nucleus of eukaryote, cytoplasm of prokaryote) Recall Replication is semi-conservative and bidirectional
Today you will extract DNA from some of your cells and learn more about DNA. Extracting DNA from Your Cells
DNA Based on and adapted from the Genetic Science Learning Center s How to Extract DNA from Any Living Thing (http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/activities/extraction/) and BioRad s Genes in a bottle
Lab # 12: DNA and RNA
115 116 Concepts to be explored: Structure of DNA Nucleotides Amino Acids Proteins Genetic Code Mutation RNA Transcription to RNA Translation to a Protein Figure 12. 1: DNA double helix Introduction Long
Answer: 2. Uracil. Answer: 2. hydrogen bonds. Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine are found in both RNA and DNA.
Answer: 2. Uracil Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine are found in both RNA and DNA. Thymine is found only in DNA; Uracil takes its (Thymine) place in RNA molecules. Answer: 2. hydrogen bonds The complementary
Appendix C DNA Replication & Mitosis
K.Muma Bio 6 Appendix C DNA Replication & Mitosis Study Objectives: Appendix C: DNA replication and Mitosis 1. Describe the structure of DNA and where it is found. 2. Explain complimentary base pairing:
The Steps. 1. Transcription. 2. Transferal. 3. Translation
Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis is simply the "making of proteins." Although the term itself is easy to understand, the multiple steps that a cell in a plant or animal must go through are not. In order
2006 7.012 Problem Set 3 KEY
2006 7.012 Problem Set 3 KEY Due before 5 PM on FRIDAY, October 13, 2006. Turn answers in to the box outside of 68-120. PLEASE WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THIS PRINTOUT. 1. Which reaction is catalyzed by each
Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Proteins and Nucleic Acids Chapter 5 Macromolecules: Proteins Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group of biomolecules. : o Involved in almost everything o Enzymes o Structure (keratin,
Control of Gene Expression
Home Gene Regulation Is Necessary? Control of Gene Expression By switching genes off when they are not needed, cells can prevent resources from being wasted. There should be natural selection favoring
Module 3 Questions. 7. Chemotaxis is an example of signal transduction. Explain, with the use of diagrams.
Module 3 Questions Section 1. Essay and Short Answers. Use diagrams wherever possible 1. With the use of a diagram, provide an overview of the general regulation strategies available to a bacterial cell.
The Nucleus: DNA, Chromatin And Chromosomes
The Nucleus: DNA, Chromatin And Chromosomes Professor Alfred Cuschieri Department of Anatomy, University of Malta. Objectives By the end of this unit the student should be able to: 1. List the major structural
1.5 page 3 DNA Replication S. Preston 1
AS Unit 1: Basic Biochemistry and Cell Organisation Name: Date: Topic 1.5 Nucleic Acids and their functions Page 3 l. DNA Replication 1. Go through PowerPoint 2. Read notes p2 and then watch the animation
Lecture Series 7. From DNA to Protein. Genotype to Phenotype. Reading Assignments. A. Genes and the Synthesis of Polypeptides
Lecture Series 7 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype Reading Assignments Read Chapter 7 From DNA to Protein A. Genes and the Synthesis of Polypeptides Genes are made up of DNA and are expressed
The Structure, Replication, and Chromosomal Organization of DNA
Michael Cummings Chapter 8 The Structure, Replication, and Chromosomal Organization of DNA David Reisman University of South Carolina History of DNA Discoveries Friedrich Miescher Isolated nuclein from
Complex multicellular organisms are produced by cells that switch genes on and off during development.
Home Control of Gene Expression Gene Regulation Is Necessary? By switching genes off when they are not needed, cells can prevent resources from being wasted. There should be natural selection favoring
Replication Study Guide
Replication Study Guide This study guide is a written version of the material you have seen presented in the replication unit. Self-reproduction is a function of life that human-engineered systems have
The Molecules of Cells
The Molecules of Cells I. Introduction A. Most of the world s population cannot digest milk-based foods. 1. These people are lactose intolerant because they lack the enzyme lactase. 2. This illustrates
Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1. 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.
Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain. 2. Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular
Lecture 26: Overview of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) structure
Lecture 26: Overview of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) structure Nucleic acids play an important role in the storage and expression of genetic information. They are divided into
GENE REGULATION. Teacher Packet
AP * BIOLOGY GENE REGULATION Teacher Packet AP* is a trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of this material. Pictures
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
OpenStax-CNX module: m44488 1 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides. This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage.
CH 5 Structure & Function of Large Molecules: Macromolecules Molecules of Life All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
13.4 Gene Regulation and Expression
13.4 Gene Regulation and Expression Lesson Objectives Describe gene regulation in prokaryotes. Explain how most eukaryotic genes are regulated. Relate gene regulation to development in multicellular organisms.
DNA (genetic information in genes) RNA (copies of genes) proteins (functional molecules) directionality along the backbone 5 (phosphate) to 3 (OH)
DNA, RNA, replication, translation, and transcription Overview Recall the central dogma of biology: DNA (genetic information in genes) RNA (copies of genes) proteins (functional molecules) DNA structure
AP BIOLOGY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B)
AP BIOLOGY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 2 Certain human genetic conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, result from single base-pair mutations in DNA. (a) Explain how a single base-pair mutation
(http://genomes.urv.es/caical) TUTORIAL. (July 2006)
(http://genomes.urv.es/caical) TUTORIAL (July 2006) CAIcal manual 2 Table of contents Introduction... 3 Required inputs... 5 SECTION A Calculation of parameters... 8 SECTION B CAI calculation for FASTA
BCH401G Lecture 39 Andres
BCH401G Lecture 39 Andres Lecture Summary: Ribosome: Understand its role in translation and differences between translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Translation: Understand the chemistry of this
AP Biology TEST #5 - Chapters 11-14, 16 - REVIEW SHEET
NAME: AP Biology TEST #5 - Chapters 11-14, 16 - REVIEW SHEET 1. Griffith's experiments showing the transformation of R strain pneumococcus bacteria to S strain pneumococcus bacteria in the presence of
Basic Concepts of DNA, Proteins, Genes and Genomes
Basic Concepts of DNA, Proteins, Genes and Genomes Kun-Mao Chao 1,2,3 1 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics 2 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering 3 Graduate
BioBoot Camp Genetics
BioBoot Camp Genetics BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information DNA Replication is the process of DNA being copied before
Genomes and SNPs in Malaria and Sickle Cell Anemia
Genomes and SNPs in Malaria and Sickle Cell Anemia Introduction to Genome Browsing with Ensembl Ensembl The vast amount of information in biological databases today demands a way of organising and accessing
2. True or False? The sequence of nucleotides in the human genome is 90.9% identical from one person to the next. False (it s 99.
1. True or False? A typical chromosome can contain several hundred to several thousand genes, arranged in linear order along the DNA molecule present in the chromosome. True 2. True or False? The sequence
Microbial Genetics (Chapter 8) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College. Eastern Campus
Microbial Genetics (Chapter 8) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Primary Source for figures and content: Eastern Campus Tortora, G.J. Microbiology An Introduction
Hands on Simulation of Mutation
Hands on Simulation of Mutation Charlotte K. Omoto P.O. Box 644236 Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164-4236 omoto@wsu.edu ABSTRACT This exercise is a hands-on simulation of mutations and their
Lecture 1 MODULE 3 GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. Professor Bharat Patel Office: Science 2, 2.36 Email: b.patel@griffith.edu.
Lecture 1 MODULE 3 GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Professor Bharat Patel Office: Science 2, 2.36 Email: b.patel@griffith.edu.au What is Gene Expression & Gene Regulation? 1. Gene Expression
Chapter 6 DNA Replication
Chapter 6 DNA Replication Each strand of the DNA double helix contains a sequence of nucleotides that is exactly complementary to the nucleotide sequence of its partner strand. Each strand can therefore
Bio 102 Practice Problems Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology
Bio 102 Practice Problems Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology Multiple choice: Unless otherwise directed, circle the one best answer: 1. Which of the following DNA sequences could be the recognition site
Biology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2
Biology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2 Questions 1. Scientific method: What does each of these entail? Investigation and Experimentation Problem Hypothesis Methods Results/Data Discussion/Conclusion
Lecture 4. Polypeptide Synthesis Overview
Initiation of Protein Synthesis (4.1) Lecture 4 Polypeptide Synthesis Overview Polypeptide synthesis proceeds sequentially from N Terminus to C terminus. Amino acids are not pre-positioned on a template.
Bio 102 Practice Problems Genetic Code and Mutation
Bio 102 Practice Problems Genetic Code and Mutation Multiple choice: Unless otherwise directed, circle the one best answer: 1. Beadle and Tatum mutagenized Neurospora to find strains that required arginine
How To Understand The Chemistry Of Organic Molecules
CHAPTER 3 THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC MOLECULES 3.1 Organic Molecules The chemistry of carbon accounts for the diversity of organic molecules found in living things. Carbon has six electrons, four of which
v vi vii viii ix 1 2 for high school students. For this, research needed to be done to to find a popular and engaging style of animation for this age group. The third step was to design the animation so
Specific problems. The genetic code. The genetic code. Adaptor molecules match amino acids to mrna codons
Tutorial II Gene expression: mrna translation and protein synthesis Piergiorgio Percipalle, PhD Program Control of gene transcription and RNA processing mrna translation and protein synthesis KAROLINSKA
DNA: Structure and Replication
7 DNA: Structure and Replication WORKING WITH THE FIGURES 1. In Table 7-1, why are there no entries for the first four tissue sources? For the last three entries, what is the most likely explanation for
Mutations and Genetic Variability. 1. What is occurring in the diagram below?
Mutations and Genetic Variability 1. What is occurring in the diagram below? A. Sister chromatids are separating. B. Alleles are independently assorting. C. Genes are replicating. D. Segments of DNA are
Given these characteristics of life, which of the following objects is considered a living organism? W. X. Y. Z.
Cell Structure and Organization 1. All living things must possess certain characteristics. They are all composed of one or more cells. They can grow, reproduce, and pass their genes on to their offspring.
Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression
Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression 18.1. Gene Regulation Is Necessary By switching genes off when they are not needed, cells can prevent resources from being wasted. There should be natural selection
Algorithms in Computational Biology (236522) spring 2007 Lecture #1
Algorithms in Computational Biology (236522) spring 2007 Lecture #1 Lecturer: Shlomo Moran, Taub 639, tel 4363 Office hours: Tuesday 11:00-12:00/by appointment TA: Ilan Gronau, Taub 700, tel 4894 Office
Lecture Overview. Hydrogen Bonds. Special Properties of Water Molecules. Universal Solvent. ph Scale Illustrated. special properties of water
Lecture Overview special properties of water > water as a solvent > ph molecules of the cell > properties of carbon > carbohydrates > lipids > proteins > nucleic acids Hydrogen Bonds polarity of water
What are the particular activities designed to do?
Notes to Instructors Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance What is the focus of these activities? Almost all introductory biology students know that DNA is the hereditary material in living cells.
K'NEX DNA Models. Developed by Dr. Gary Benson Department of Biomathematical Sciences Mount Sinai School of Medicine
KNEX DNA Models Introduction Page 1 of 11 All photos by Kevin Kelliher. To download an Acrobat pdf version of this website Click here. K'NEX DNA Models Developed by Dr. Gary Benson Department of Biomathematical
Chapter 14 Lecture Notes: Nucleic Acids
Educational Goals Chapter 14 Lecture Notes: Nucleic Acids 1. Know the three chemical components of a nucleotide: a monosaccharide residue (either ribose or deoxyribose), at least one phosphate group, and
http://www.life.umd.edu/grad/mlfsc/ DNA Bracelets
http://www.life.umd.edu/grad/mlfsc/ DNA Bracelets by Louise Brown Jasko John Anthony Campbell Jack Dennis Cassidy Michael Nickelsburg Stephen Prentis Rohm Objectives: 1) Using plastic beads, construct
CHAPTER 6: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY YEAR III PHARM.D DR. V. CHITRA
CHAPTER 6: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY YEAR III PHARM.D DR. V. CHITRA INTRODUCTION DNA : DNA is deoxyribose nucleic acid. It is made up of a base consisting of sugar, phosphate and one nitrogen base.the
Translation. Translation: Assembly of polypeptides on a ribosome
Translation Translation: Assembly of polypeptides on a ribosome Living cells devote more energy to the synthesis of proteins than to any other aspect of metabolism. About a third of the dry mass of a cell
Control of Gene Expression
Control of Gene Expression What is Gene Expression? Gene expression is the process by which informa9on from a gene is used in the synthesis of a func9onal gene product. What is Gene Expression? Figure
Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation
The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of