BIO 208 Environmental Impact of Aquaculture Topics include:

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1 BIO 208 Environmental Impact of Aquaculture Topics include: Introduction, growth of global aquaculture Aquaculture systems & General Impacts Direct and indirect organic pollution (nutrient enrichment) Chemical pollution Competition for resources - water and coastal Loss of coastal zone habitats (mangroves) in developing countries Interaction between aquaculture and wild fisheries - transfer of disease and parasites -impact of escapees on wild fish -use of fish meal and fish oil Capture-based aquaculture (CBA) Threats and benefits of GM fish (transgenic technologies)

2 BIO208 Lecture 2.0 What is Aquaculture? Definition (FAO) The farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some sort of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated, the planning, development and operation of aquaculture systems, sites, facilities and practices, and the production and transport.

3 A general overview of the issues, based on these topics: Aquaculture biology: Life cycles in culture of major species Aquaculture systems: ponds, raceways, tanks & cages Aquaculture Impacts: general, by system water use & shrimp farming cage systems: physical structure, nutrient enrichment Developments in response to problems

4 Production data

5 Aquaculture Biology Basic biological aspects of species in culture: Broodstock parental source for reproduction Hatchery stage egg and larval stage (juvenile production Grow-out stage Harvest Aquaculture species Fact Sheets - FAO

6 Striped Catfish Pangasiushypophthalmus Thailand Viet Nam Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Bangladesh, China, Lao People's Democratic Republic Rivers & Inland waters Discharge of high nutrient loads, with high BOD and COD levels

7 Atlantic salmon Salmosalar Norway, Chile, Canada, USA, Russia, Australia, France, Ireland, UK, Iceland, Turkey Fresh water & Marine Nutrient pollution by waste feed/faeces. Chemical pollution, from treatments. Effect on wild fish (escape, disease) Sustainability question

8 Gilthead Sea Bream Sparusaurata Southern Europe (Greece, Turkey, Spain) North Africa Kuwait, Oman Coastal lagoons - extensive Competition for coastal areas Eutrophication (nutrient input) Escapes and interaction with wild fish Transfer of diseases parasites between farmed and wild fish.

9 Southern Europe (Greece, Turkey, Spain) North Africa Kuwait, Oman Competition for coastal area Nutrient pollution by waste feed/faeces. Chemical pollution, from treatments. Effect on wild fish (escape, disease) Sustainability question Gilthead Sea Bream Sparusaurata Coastal waters - intensive

10 Giant Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon Coastal waters, estuaries S.E Asia, India, Pakistan, Africa, Japan, Taiwan, China, Australia+ Use of mangrove for pond construction. Salinization of groundwater and land. Pollution from pond effluents. Collection of wild seed and broodstock. Social conflicts with other users Viral disease outbreaks. Overuse of drugs

11 Canada, USA, Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, UK, Europe, Norway Morocco, Algeria, South Africa, Namibia, China, Korea, Taiwan Philippines, Malaysia, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Palau, Samoa, Vanuatu. Pacific Cupped Oyster Crassostreagigas environmental degradation, potential to take over habitat -forming dense reefs and altering biodiversity, filter large volumes of seawater and deposit large quantities of bio-wastes. Marine Coastal waters

12 Aquaculture systems There are four basic types of aquaculture systems: 1 ponds 2 raceways 3 recirculatory systems 4 tanks and cages

13 Aquaculture systems 1. Ponds Fish pond in Thailand Fish pond in Poland

14 Pond production Shrimp ponds, Vietnam Catfish ponds, Vietnam

15 Pond production of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) in the Mekong delta, Vietnam In 2009, Vietnam produced ca. 1.8 million mt of catfish, and exported 650,000 mt of catfish fillets.

16 Aquaculture systems 2. Raceways

17 Raceways used for intensive freshwater culture Raceways are commonly used for trout production (Denmark, Netherlands) Generally 1-2 m deep, 2-6 m wide and m long Water entering the raceway must be fresh or aerated (oxygen levels must be > 60% saturation). Major environmental concern is the large volume of water used.

18 Raceways can also be used for mariculture Abalone farming in Taiwan

19 Aquaculture systems 3. Tanks and cages

20 Floating cages Dunlop/Bridgestone cages are the most widely used open sea cage worldwide. Hexagonal cage Octagonal cage Often linked together in rafts of 4 to 8 cages. Very large volumes possible. One Bridgestone sea cage used for salmon farming off the west coast of Ireland is 50 m in diameter, over 20 m deep and with a volume of 40,000 m 3

21 Quickglimpseofthemodern fishfarm Cobia farming

22 Improving the systems 1. Recirculatory systems Recirculatory system used for sea bream production Diagram showing the principles of a recirculation system Tilapia farm RAS

23 Schematic of effects Main impact pathways associated with cage culture.

24 Aquaculture Turning Points

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