Higher Education in the United Kingdom

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1 () Journal of Zhejiang University( Humanities and Social Sciences) Vol. 37, No. 2 Mar , 2, 3 (1., ; 2., ; 3., ) [ ], (), ;,, ;,,,, [] ; ; ; ; [ ] G473 [ ] A [ ] X(2007) [ ] The Impact of Individualistic Cultural Traditions on Subjects of [ ] ( T20503) [ ]http :// www. journals. zju. edu. cn/ soc [ ] 1. (1969 ),,,,,; 2. (1974 ),,,,; 3. (1951 ),,,,, Higher Education in the United Kingdom ZHAN G Wen2jun 1,ZHAN G Jian 2,XU Wei2min 3 (1. De p artment of Ed ucation, Zhej i ang U ni versit y, H angz hou , Chi na; 2. Graduate Department, Zhej iang University of Finance and Economics, Hangz hou , China; 3. N i ngbo I nstit ute of Technolog y, Zhej i ang U ni versit y, N i ngbo , Chi na) Abstract : Cult ural analysis is o ne of t he important met hodologies for co mparative educatio n, recommended strongly by such famous comparative educationist s as Kandel, Cowen, GU Ming2 yuan. U sing t his met hodology, t his paper tries to analyze t he subject s develop ment of higher education in t he U. K. from t he perspective of it s individualist cult ure t raditio n. Individualism, which emp hasizes self respo nsibilit y of t he individual s (including individual perso ns, agent s or instit utio ns ), is t he core characteristic of t he British natio nalit y. It

2 144 () 37 acco mpanies wit h empiricism p hilo sop hically and eclecticism p ractically. Throughout t he process of subject s develop ment of higher education in the U. K., individualism has f unctio ned st ro ngly. In t he beginning of higher educatio n develop ment, subject s are set up by individual univer sities co mpletely, spo nso red by individual s or individual organizatio ns. In t he 19t h cent ury, higher educatio n system developed quickly wit h lot s of colleges emerging wit ho ut a univer sit y title. awarding services for t hese colleges in U niver sit y of Lo ndo n began to p rovide degree However, colleges still had t he auto no my of establishing t heir own subject s system. After World War II, t he U niversity Grant s Committee t ried to influence o n t he subject s by it s power o n natio nal grant s allocatio n. Ro bins Report s enhanced a dual higher educatio n system in 1963, wit hin which univer sities and ot her higher educatio n instit utio ns, including colleges and polytechnics, were all enco uraged to flo urish. Council for National Academic Awards ( CNAA ) establishment of t ho se instit utio ns. emerged in 1964 to control t he subject s In t he mean while, universities still kept t heir power of managing t heir subject s individually. The government dismissed CNAA in 1992 and established a univer sit y title applicatio n system, in which new univer sities gained power in set ting t heir subject s individually, and old universities still kept their autonomy in subject s establishment and management. The dissolutio n of CNAA indicated t he st ro ng influence of individualist t raditio n which ended up with t he weakness of governmental control in subject s develop ment and management. Individualism was also manifested in t he academic coding system which was decentralized, elaborate and dispersive, in t he flourish of strong p restigious traditional subject s, and in t he market orientation of subject s establishment in t he U. K. The conclusion of t his paper is t hat cult ural traditions are strong element s for subject s develop ment and management in higher education in the U. K. We should take our own tradition and cult ural into account seriously when studying or borrowing f rom ot her countries experiences. Key words : individualism ; cult ural traditions ; higher education ; subject s ; t he U nited Kingdom,,,,,,,, [1 ],,, [ 2 ]2,,,,

3 2,, : 145 :, [3 ]31-34, ( ) (individualism) (), [ 3 ]31-60,,,,,, [4 ]193, [5 ]232 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, [6 ]26,, ( ),,,,, [6 ]26-27,,,,,,, [7 ]31,20 60,,,

4 146 () 37,,,,,, ( ),, (university),, (Senate of U niversity), :, ;,,, 19,, ,,,, 19,,, 1958,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1963,,, : ( ) ( ),,,,, (faculty),,,,,, [8 ] ,1964, (CNAA),,,,

5 2,, : 147,,,,,,,,, ( ), : [9 ]157 ;1993, 30 [ 10 ], (QAA),, , [11 ],,,, 20 60,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1962 (U GC) 1964 ( UCCA), 1985, (U SR), (UCAS) (SCAS) 1986,( PCAS) 2002, ( H ESA) (t he Joint Academic Coding System, J ACS) [ 12 ],,,

6 148 () 37,,, [4 ] 191,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, [4 ]242 (J ACS),,,, [13 ],,,,,, ( ),,, 20 70,, 1985 (), [9 ]31,,,,,, % 2113 % 1311 % % % 9. 3 % [14 ],,,, % % % % 6. 9 % [15 ], ( ),,,

7 2,, : 149,,, [9 ]94,,,,,, [9 ]89,,, [16 ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ ] [ 1 ]. [J ].,2000, (4) : 1-4. [ Gu Mingyuan. Cultural Studies and Comparative Education [J ]. Comparative Education Review, 2000, (4) : 1-4. ] [ 2 ]. [J ].,1998, (4) :1-7. [ Zhu Xudong. Postmodernism and Comparative Education : On Cowen s Theory of Postmodern Comparative Education [J ]. Comparative Education Review,1998, (4) : 1-7. ] [ 3 ] B.,M.. [ M ].,. :, [ Holmes, B., Mclean, M. Curriculum : A Comparative Perspective [ M ]. Trans. Zhang Wenjun. Beijing : Educational Science Publishing House, ] [ 4 ]. [ M ].,,,,. :, [ King, E. Other Schools and Ours : Comparative Studies for Today [ M ]. Trans. Wang Chengxu, Shao Shan, Li Kexing, et al. Beijing : People s Education Press,1989. ] [ 5 ]. [ M ].,,,. :,2004. [ Green, A. Education and State Formation [ M ]. Trans. Wang Chunhua, Liu Cuihang, Wang Aiyi. Beijing : Educational Science Publishing House, ]

8 150 () 37 [ 6 ] Kandel, I. K. Comparative Education[ M ]. Westport : Greenwood Press, [ 7 ]. [ M ].,. :, [ Brubacher, J. S. On the Philosophy of Higher Education [ M ]. Trans. Wang Chengxu. House, ] Hangzhou : Zhejiang Education Publishing [ 8 ],. [ M ]. :,1992. [ Wang Chengxu, Xu Hui. Education in England after World War II[ M ]. Nanchang : Jiangxi Education Publishing House,1992. ] [ 9 ],. ( 1 ) [ M ]. :,2004. [Lv Da, Zhou Mansheng. Famous Document s of Contemporary Educational Reforms in Foreign Countries ( England, Vol. 1) [ M ]. Beijing : People s Education Press, ] [ 10 ] Department for Education and Employment. Further and Higher Education Act 1992 [ EB/ OL ]. http :/ / www. op si. gov. uk/ si/ si1993/ Uksi_ _en_1. htm, , [ 11 ] Department for Education and Skill. Applications for The Grant of Taught Degree2awarding Powers, Research Degree2awarding Powers and University Title [ EB/ OL ]. http :/ / www. qaa. ac. uk/ reviews/ dap/ Criteria Guidance. asp, [ 12 ] UCAS. History of Course Codes in the Admissions Process [ EB/ OL ]. http :/ / www. ucas. com/ figures/ archive/ trend96/ supply. htm, , [ 13 ] J ACS. J ACS Subject Codes [ EB/ OL ]. http :/ / www. hesa. ac. uk/ product s/ adhoc/ info/ jacs4digit _ middle. htm, [ 14 ] University of Oxford. Divisions and Department s [ EB/ OL ]. http :/ / www. ox. ac. uk/ department s/, 2005 version, [ 15 ] University of Cambridge. Courses & Admissions [ EB/ OL ]. http :/ / www. cam. ac. uk / admissions/, 2005 version, [ 16 ] Robert, C. Last Past the Post : Comparative Education, Modernity, and Perhaps Postmodernity [ J ]. Comparative Education,1996, (2) : : , (CARD) 2006, : ,, : (1) ; (2) ; (3) 15

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