Status and Priorities of Building Energy Efficiency in China Xudong Yang, Ph.D.

Transcription

1 Status and Priorities of Building Energy Efficiency in China Xudong Yang, Ph.D. Chang-Jiang Professor and Deputy Director Institute of Built Environment, China

2 Current situation of building energy consumption 面 积 平 均 建 筑 能 耗 : kgce/(m 2.a) Building energy consumption per unit floor area China urban 韩 国, 81 中 国 城 镇, 325 中 国 农 村, 192 日 本, 245 JP 德 国, 143 英 国, 227 UK USA Canada 荷 兰, 37 希 腊, 27 法 国, 132 美 国, 1387 加 拿 大, Building energy consumption per capita 人 均 建 筑 能 耗 : kgce/(ca.a) Data Source: Annual Report of Chinese Building Energy Efficiency, International Energy Outlook

3 EC per floor area: kgce/(m 2.a) EC per floor area: kgce/(m 2.a) Korea, 41 Urban China, 167 Rural China, 192 Japan, 129 Germany, 112 France, 93 Greece, 20 Netherlands, 27 USA, 760 Residential Residential EC per capita: kgce/(ca.a) 2 Commercial Data Source: : Annual Report of Chinese Building Energy 20 Efficiency, International Energy Outlook 0 Urban China, 174 Japan, 121 England, 65 Netherlands, 10 France, 39 Greece, 7 Germany, 31 USA, Building Energy 2000 Research Centre 3000 Commerical EC per capita: Tsinghua kgce/(ca.a) University

4 OECD Non-OECD 人 均 消 费 领 域 能 耗,kgce/(ca.a) 发 达 平 均 Personal urban energy use in each country, 美 国 加 拿 澳 大 经 合 日 本 韩 国 德 国 法 国 英 国 俄 罗 USA 大 利 亚 欧 洲 JP De Fr UK 斯 发 展 中 国 中 国 印 度 非 洲 巴 西 其 它 平 均 城 镇 平 均 Ind Bra What if developing countries use the same energy as developed countries? U. CN Before Another Earth found OR Another way found After to satisfy urban-life energy demand in developing countries

5 kgce/m2 Building energy consumption per unit floor area for different types of buildings in China 各 类 建 筑 单 位 面 积 总 能 耗 变 化 30 北 方 城 镇 采 暖 北 方 农 村 采 暖 城 镇 住 宅 ( 不 包 括 采 暖 ) 公 共 建 筑 长 江 流 域 城 镇 采 暖 长 江 流 域 农 村 采 暖 农 村 Commercial buildings Northern urban heating Urban residential (exclude heating) Northern rural heating Yangtze river region urban heating Yangtze river region rural heating

6 万 吨 标 煤 Total building energy consumption for different types of buildings in China 北 方 城 镇 采 暖 长 江 流 域 城 镇 采 暖 北 方 农 村 采 暖 长 江 流 域 农 村 采 暖 城 镇 住 宅 ( 不 包 括 采 暖 ) 农 村 公 共 建 筑 Northern urban heating Yangtze river region urban heating Northern rural heating Yangtze river region rural heating Urban residential (exclude heating) Rural residential (exclude heating) Commercial buildings

7 Space Heating in Northern urban buildings ~7.5 billion m 2 buildings ~142 million tons of standard coal 40% of total urban building energy consumption Heating systems: 2.6 billion m 2 supplied by district heating system with CHP 2.6 billion m 2 supplied by district heating system with large or small boilers 2.3 billion m 2 heated by decentralized system such as individual boilers, heat pumps etc.

8 Key issues for North urban heating Improve insulation on some poorly insulated buildings Expanding CHP system for heating New technology to improve CHP energy efficiency & expanding capacity of urban networks Balancing of heating network and users Reduce over-supply heat loss through heating system reform Individual temperature control and metering Subsidy system for heating Structure and business model of district heating firms Total 40%-45% saving could be achieved

9 Space heating in southern urban buildings 成 都 5.8 南 京 2.2 夏 热 冬 冷 地 区 合 肥 3.0 上 海 4.5 武 汉 4.7 南 昌 5.9 温 和 地 区 昆 明 8.9 贵 阳 5.7 长 沙 5.5 福 州 11.4

10 Space heating in southern urban buildings ~7 billion m 2 building floor area Non-heating zone according to old building code (winter outdoor temperature 0~10 ) Most buildings heated part time, part space 6~8 kwh/m 2.a electricity is the current mean value, or less 3 kgce/m 2.a

11 kwh/m2.a Heating in the Yangtze river area Lyon:~60kWh/m 2 Heat pumps, COP= Measured 0 Shanghai Hangzhou Wuhan Chongqing 14 part time, part space 16 part time, part space 18 part time, part space 22 full time, full space

12 Space heating in Southern urban buildings Current energy consumption for heating is much lower than that in the North. (3 vs. 20 kgce/m 2 ) Low energy consumption due to part time heating and lower indoor temperature If district heating is applied to replace current local heating, 2-4 times increase in energy may result, leading 20% increase in China s total building energy use The challenge is to keep the current low energy consumption level but improve indoor comfort through innovation

13 Energy consumption in rural buildings 27.4kgce/m 2 y ear in town TOTAL rural energy consumption: 9376 billion MJ North 12.1kgce/m 2 y ear in town COAL: 190 million tons LPG: 5.9 million tons ELECTRICITY: 132 billion KWh BIOMASS: 220 million tons South Commercial energy is 60% of the total energy. Indoor comfort and air quality level: poor

14 Add thermal insulation layers Avoid the leakages of windows and doors Insulation work of rural houses Install heat collector on the roof Install radiant floor heating Study on new systems of energy-saving Kang Study on energy-saving stove Raise the efficiency of heating equipment s Develop technologies of biomass utilization Develop effective equipments or systems applied to biomass utilization Biomass utilization technologies Use of passive solar energy Passive energy-saving methods Energy-saving, 60% Active energy-saving methods Energy-saving, 20% Zero-Coal Low-Energy Village Biomass to replace coal Reduces CO 2, 20%

15 AC energy consumption in Beijing A. 5 floors, 1981, 74m 2 /unit Split unit C. 26 floors, 2003, 141m 2 /unit Split unit D. 26 floors, 2004, 132m 2 /unit VRF(one outdoor & multiple indoor units B.18 floors, 1996, 103m 2 /unit, Split unit E. 26 floors, 2005, 280 m 2 /unit Central AC system

16 AC energy consumption in Beijing kwh/m 2.a Central VRF 6 Split 4 Split Split 2 0 A B C D E The average electricity consumption for different buildings: kwh/m 2.a

17 Energy consumption in commercial buildings Total stock: 7 billion m 2 building floor Energy: 30% of the total urban building energy consumption

18 Energy use in office buildings Tsinghua school 4650m 2,34kWh/m 2. a Tsinghua art school 64k m 2,65.7kWh/m 2. a Government office A 16k m 2,70.1kWh/m 2. a Government office B 37k m 2,113kWh/m 2. a Office building A, USA 6425m 2,364kWh/m 2. a Office building B, USA 30k m 2,356kWh/m 2. a

19 Reference values for Beijing commercial buildings Function Normal standard (kwh/m 2.a) Office High standard (kwh/m 2.a) Shop ~ Hotel ~ Classroom Major differences between high standard & normal standard: Size and shape, natural lighting or artificial lighting Window opening, natural ventilation or mechanical vent. Air-conditioning, VAV, central air or fully decentralized Envelope: full glassing or normal wall-window ratio

20 Current characteristics in commercial buildings With same building function, high standard buildings consume 3-5 times more energy than normal ones Technical innovation can only result in 30%-50% reduction of energy for high standard buildings High standard buildings do not necessarily provide more comfortable indoor environment. Key cultural problem: take advantage of the nature, or always by mechanical means?

21 Shenzhen Inst of Building Research

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23 China s building energy priorities Reduce energy for heating in North urban Keep the low energy status in heating in the South, but improve indoor comfort through innovations Find sustainable solutions to significantly improve indoor environmental conditions and reduce energy use in rural buildings Maintain the low energy level of urban residential buildings Limit the development of high standard commercial buildings

24 Key issues & innovation ideas Revisit the human demand on environment * What is an ideal indoor environment? Technology need to be adaptable to sustainable lifestyle * What is sustainable life style? * Evaluation simply based on technology check-list is inappropriate Benchmarking the energy technologies * Data oriented approach Financing and policy support mechanisms

25 Xudong Yang, Ph.D. Chang-Jiang Professor & Deputy Director Institute of Built Environment School of Architecture, China Tel: (10)

26 Energy use Energy use and service level Developed countries China Service provided