REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR LAND USE MAPPING IN LOWER AGAR SUB WATERSHED, CHHATTISGARH, INDIA

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1 REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR LAND USE MAPPING IN LOWER AGAR SUB WATERSHED, CHHATTISGARH, INDIA AJAY K SINGH, S S SINGH, PUSHPARAJ SINGH AND PARMESHWAR CHANDEL Department of Rural Technology and Social Development Department of Forestry, Wildlife & Environmental Sciences Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur ABSTRACT The land use pattern of a sub watershed is an outcome of both natural and socioeconomic factors and their utilisation by population in time and space. Land is becoming a scarce commodity due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Change in land use is a dynamic process taking place on the surface and it becomes most important factor for managing natural resources. In the current study Remote Sensing technique is used to analyse the land use changes in Lower Agar sub watershed of Chhattisgarh. Result shows the change that has been occurred during 2000 and 2009 as agriculture land with crop cover in the sub watershed increased from 24.6% to 32.25% of the total area whereas barren land reduced from 28% to 19.2%. The land use change index ranges observed 1.15 to 8.46 for water bodies and rural settlement in this period in the sub watershed. Keywords:-utilisation, commodity, dynamic, technique, resources. Introduction The world population was estimated over 7000 million peoples as of summer 2013 in which 30 percent and 70 percent of world population lives within 100 kms of a costal line (UNEP 2007, Wilson and Fischetti 2010). Water resources are increasingly in demand in order to help agricultural and industrial development, create income and wealth in rural areas, reduce poverty among rural peoples; contribute to the sustainability of natural resources and the environment. Reliable and timely information on the available natural resources is very much essential to formulate a comprehensive land use plan for sustainable development. Land, water, minerals and biomass resources are currently under tremendous pressure in the context of highly competing and often conflicting demands of an ever expanding population. Consequently over exploitation and mismanagement of resources are exerting detrimental 129

2 impact on environment. Sustainable watershed management practises takes into the account for environment, human health well being, economic consideration for recreation of the quality of life (Cox et al. 2006, Wheeler et al. 2012). Watershed deterioration is a common phenomenon in most parts of the world. Amongst several causes, the major ones are improper and unwise utilisation of watershed resources without any proper vision, which is observed in developing countries (FAO, 1985). Watershed refers to the naturally occurring hydrological units defined by naturally occurring boundaries and characterized by similar topographic, physical, and climatic conditions. Watershed is that area of land which contributes runoff to a common point along a single waterway, and is classified on the basis of its geographical area. The watershed management concept recognizes the inter-relationships among the linkages between uplands and low lands, land use, geomorphology, slope and soil (Tideman 1996). The extreme weather phenomena and global warming noted in recent years has demonstrated the necessity for effective land use assessment, agricultural and forest practices and flood risk management models. According to this paradigm, a considerable shift has been observed from structural defence against floods to a more comprehensive approach, including appropriate land use, (Alexakis et al., 2013, Barredo and Engelen, 2010, Lilesand and Kiefer, 2010, Michaelides et al., 2009). Shaban et al. (2005) notes how the use of integrated watershed assessment, especially relying on remote sensing and GIS has become a newly established procedure in river basin environmental management in developing countries. Using the Akar watershed in the Eastern Mediterrian, they analyze watershed characteristics, land use and fabrics. The study reveals that significant changes caused in part by anthropocentric factors. Phukan et al. (2013) has been assessed the land use/land cover changes in Golaghat district of Assam, India through Remote Sensing & GIS. The study revealed that the major changes occurred in cropland (18.10%) and scrubland (-20.95%). Singh and Singh (2012) had also intimate that in Chornai sub watershed of Hasdeo river watershed has 38.32% area has covered with water bodies and 37.97% area as dense forest. The study was done by using IRS-P6 LISS 3 data. The current study presents the underlying dynamics of land use change at sub watershed level. 130

3 Study area Chhattisgarh state in India having total geographical area of 1, 35,914 sq kms. This state is also known as bowl of rice in Chhattisgarh. Lower Agar sub watershed is also a part of this. This sub watershed is located approx 30 kms East of Mungeli district in Chhattisgarh (Fig 1), ranging from N latitude and E longitude. The sub watershed covers sq kms area. Its elevation ranges from 252 to 310m above sea level. Geographically, it is located in the southern section of Maikal range influenced by Gondwana super rock. The climate of the area is sub tropical. The maximum average temperature has recorded C in May and minimum of C in January. The average maximum rainfall of mm and mm minimum has recorded in the area. The main soil type of the area is Clayey mixed. The natural vegetation of semi-moist broadleaf forest disappeared many decades ago from the area due to population pressure and flood. Paddy is the primary crop in the area. Population growth and urbanization near to Pathariya area has been increased in compare to other parts of the sub watershed. LOCATION MAP OF STUDY AREA India Chhattisgarh (Mungeli ) Lower Agar Subwatershed Fig1: Location map of Lower Agar sub watershed 131

4 Materials and Methods The base map of the study area was prepared from the Survey of India (scale 1:50,000) Toposheets (F/16 and G/13). Landsat ETM and Landsat TM images (Path/Row: 142/44) of year 2000 and 2009 has been used for the study. These images were scanned and georeferenced. Digital Land use classification through supervised classification has done to perform the Land use classification in ERDAS imagine 10.0 GIS Software Environment. The accuracy assessments of the Land use classifications were shown 88% through Ground checking. The degree of individual land use dynamics is calculated through the numerical change in particular land use dynamics multiplied by the length of time of the study. The formula is: (LU=Ub-Ua/Ua x1/t x 100%) (Wang, 2000) Here, LC represents the degree of the land use changes, Ua the amount of the particular land use at beginning of the year a, Ub the amount at the end of year b and T the represents the length of time. When the unit of T is set as a year, LC indicates the degree of annual individual land use dynamics. A socio-economic survey was carried out in subwatershed to assess the area of agriculture fields and settlement 132 pressure. Interviewing key informants including government officials about land use pattern, planning and development interventions with land use change trends. Results and Discussion: Accuracy Assessment: In the Lower Agar sub watershed, the error matrix and Kappa methods has been used to assess mapping accuracy. The overall mapping accuracy only considers the correction of diagonal elements in the matrix while Kappa method taken other elements in the matrix into account (Foody et al., 2002). The overall accuracy of 88% and Kappa coefficient of 0.79 was achieved for Landsat ETM and 92%, 0.84 for Landsat TM images respectively. Socio-economic analysis: The population in Lower Agar subwatershed has been recorded as 21,310 (10,742 Male and 10,568 Female) with 4,165 households in 2011 (CoI, 2011). The literacy rate has been recorded as 45.6%. Most of the families depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Many local women spend approx 25% of their working time in collecting firewood, leaf litters and nonwood forest products. Leaf litters is used for fuel and fertilizer. It is put into the NADEP pit for bedding and after mixing with cow dung is composted for fertilizer. Some families sell fuel wood

5 and non wood forest products. Most households raised about approx Rs. 10,000 per year from these products. Livestock, particularly Cow, Buffalo, Goat and Hen provides a substantial income for local farmers. Higher agriculture outputs mostly depend on using expensive high yield crop varieties and chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Tree cutting and encroachment is very high in the whole catchment area. Land use dynamics between 2000 and 2009: S N Fig 2 shows the pattern of land use in the Lower Agar sub watershed in 2000 and in Changes over the nine years period shows that the land use has become more fragmented. Agriculture land with crop cover in the sub watershed has increased from 24.6% of the total area in 2000 to 32.25% in The second most cover is barren land, which reduced from 28% of the area in 2000 to 19.2% in Table 1: Land use change between 2000 and 2009 in the Lower Agar Sub watershed LULC Classes Area (in sq. kms.) Area change Percent total area Change (%) Annual land (in sq. kms.) use change index 1 Agriculture land without crop (ALWC) Standing Trees Barren land Water bodies Agricultural land with crop (AWC) Settlement Area Total

6 Fig 2: Supervised classification of Lower Agar sub watershed in 2000 and in 2009 The changes in land use from 2000 to 2009 have been quite diverse. The change index ranges from only 1.15 for water bodies to 8.66 for rural settlement. Other significant changes include an 18% decrease in agriculture land without crop (Table 1). In Xizhuang watershed of Yunnan, Southwest China Jianchu et al (2005) have been also observed by using aerial photograph of 1987 and ASTER images 2002 that the forestland cover increasing 44% to 54% in year between 1987 and 2002 whereas upland field cover was reduced from 29% to 16%. Uma and 134 Mahalingam (2011) also indicates that the coastal stretch of Kanchipuram district of Tamilnadu the land use change index ranges from 1.04 for agriculture land to 6.9 for settlement. Conclusion: The Lower Agar sub watershed area is not an urbanised area. It is a mixture zone of agriculture, barren land and plantation. Here, we found one of the areas is dominated by agriculture land with crop and others as barren land. The barren lands are mostly due to naked hills and spreaded rocks in the land surfaces. This area was under

7 forest cover earlier but due to continuous deforestation and desertification process the land has converted into unfertile land with pebbles. Flood is also one of the important factor for the development of barren land in the lower part of the sub watershed. Water bodies included wetlands, ponds, streams, canals and river provides perennial water source for more than 60% local population for irrigation and other works. It increases the conversion of barren land into agriculture field. Local peoples migration is one of the major problems in the rural areas of the sub watershed. They migrate to the local cities or other states in the country for better employment so that most of the fertile agriculture lands in the sub watersheds were abundant. Finally, we can conclude that satellite data has the unique capability to detect the changes in land use quickly and accurately and helps in planning, development and management of the area. References 1.Alexakis, D.D., Hadjimitsis, D.G. and Agapiou, A Estimating Flash Flood Discharge in a Catchment Area with the Use of Hydraulic Model and Terrestrial Laser Scanner Advances in Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics Springer Atmospheric Sciences, pp Barredo, J. and Engelen, G Land Use Scenario Modelling for Flood Risk Mitigation. Sustainability, pp CoI, Census of India, Cox, M. E., Johnstone, R and Robinson, J Relationship between perceived coastal water wave condition and social aspect of quality of life. Ecology and Society, 11: Food and Agricultural Organization Watershed development with special reference to soil and water conservation, Soil Bulletin 44, FAO, Rome. 6.Jianchu, Xu, Xihui, Ai and Xiqing, Deng Exploring the spatial and temporal dynamics of land use in Xizhuang watershed of Yunna, Southwest China. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 7: Lillesand, T. M. and Kiefer, R.W Remote Sensing and Image interpretation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Toronto, Fourth edition. ISBN: Michaelides, S., Tymvios, F. and Michaelidou, T Spatial and temporal characteristics of the annual rainfall frequency 135

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