Thinking About Psychology
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1 Thinking About Psychology Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2012
2 Development and Learning Domain Drbimages/istockphoto
3 Learning and Language Goldmund Lukic/istockphoto
4 Module 15 Operant Conditioning
5 Module Overview The Nature of Operant Conditioning The Law of Effect Reinforcement Punishment Reinforcement Procedures Schedules of Reinforcement New Understandings of Operant Conditioning Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
6 Module 15: Operant Conditioning The Nature of Operant Conditioning
7 Operant Conditioning A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior. The frequency will increase if the consequence is reinforcing to the subject. The frequency will decrease if the consequence is not reinforcing to the subject.
8 Operant Conditioning
9 Operant Conditioning
10 Operant Conditioning
11 Module 15: Operant Conditioning The Law of Effect
12 Edward Thorndike ( ) Author of the law of effect, the principle that forms the basis of operant conditioning. Behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently. Behaviors with unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently. Created puzzle boxes for research on cats
13 Thorndike s Puzzle Box
14 B.F. Skinner ( ) Behavioral psychologist who developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world. Designed the Skinner Box, or operant chamber
15 Skinner Box EVERETT COLLECTION INC/ALAMY
16 Skinner s Air Crib BERNARD HOFFMAN/TIMEPIX
17 Reinforcement/Punishment Reinforcement - Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior. Punishment - Any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior. The subject determines if a consequence is reinforcing or punishing
18 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Reinforcement
19 Positive Reinforcement In operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state. The subject receives something they want Will strengthen the behavior
20 Positive Reinforcement
21 Negative Reinforcement In operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state. Something the subject doesn t like is removed Will strengthen the behavior
22 Negative Reinforcement
23 Positive/Negative Reinforcement
24 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Reinforcement: Immediate Versus Delayed Reinforcement
25 Immediate/Delayed Reinforcement Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement Ability to delay gratification predicts higher achievement
26 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Reinforcement: Primary Versus Secondary Reinforcement
27 Primary Reinforcement Something that is naturally reinforcing, such as food (if you are hungry), warmth (if you are cold), and water (if you are thirsty). The item is reinforcing in and of itself
28
29 Secondary Reinforcement Something that you have learned to value, like money.
30
31 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Punishment
32 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Punishment: The Process of Punishment
33 Types of Punishment An undesirable event following a behavior A desirable state or event ends following a behavior
34 Types of Punishment
35 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Punishment: Problems with Punishment
36 Negative Effects of Punishment Doesn t prevent the undesirable behavior when away from the punisher Can lead to fear, anxiety, and lower self-esteem Children who are punished physically may learn to use aggression as a means to solve problems. ROB LEWINE /GETTY IMAGES
37 Positive Effects of Punishment Punishment can effectively control certain behaviors. Especially useful if teaching a child not to do a dangerous behavior Most still suggest reinforcing an incompatible behavior rather than using punishment ROB LEWINE /GETTY IMAGES
38 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Procedures
39 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Procedures: Shaping
40 Shaping Reinforcement of behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired one; the operant technique used to establish a new behaviors. LIONEL CIRONNEAU/AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTOS
41 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Procedures: Discrimination and Extinction
42 Discrimination The ability to distinguish between two similar signals or stimuli and produce different responses. Learning to respond to one stimuli but not to a similar stimuli JEFF GREENBERG/STOCK, BOSTON
43 Extinction In operant conditioning, the loss of a behavior when no consequence follows it. The subject no longer responds since the reinforcement or punishment has stopped.
44 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement
45 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement: Continuous Reinforcement
46 Continuous reinforcement In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows every correct response. Most useful way to establish a behavior The behavior will extinguish quickly once the reinforcement stops.
47 Module 15: Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement: Partial Reinforcement
48 Partial Reinforcement In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows only some correct responses. Includes the following types: Fixed-interval and variable interval Fixed-ratio and variable-ratio
49 Fixed-Interval Schedule In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards only the first correct response after some defined period. i.e. weekly quiz in a class
50 Variable-Interval Schedule In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time. i.e. pop quiz in a class
51 Fixed-Ratio Schedule In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after some defined number of correct responses. The faster the subject responds, the more reinforcements they will receive.
52 Variable-Ratio Schedule In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses. This schedule is very resistant to extinction. Sometimes called the gambler s schedule ; similar to a slot machine
53 Schedules of Reinforcement
54 Schedules of Reinforcement
55 Schedules of Reinforcement
56 Schedules of Reinforcement
57 Module 15: Operant Conditioning New Understanding of Operant Conditioning
58 Module 15: Operant Conditioning New Understanding of Operant Conditioning: The Role of Cognition
59 Latent Learning Learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it. Tolman and Honzik s study on maze learning WILL AND DENI MICTINYRE/PHOTO RESEARCHERS
60 Tolman and Honzik
61 Cognitive Map The mental representation of a place. Experiments showed rats could learn a maze without any reinforcements
62 Overjustification Effect The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do; the reward may lessen and replace the person s original, natural motivation, so that the behavior stops if the reward is eliminated.
63 Module 15: Operant Conditioning New Understanding of Operant Conditioning: The Role of Biology
64 Biological Predisposition Research suggests some species are biologically predisposed to learn specific behaviors
65 The End
66 Types of Files Teacher Information This presentation has been saved as a basic Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this Teacher Information section.
67 Domain Coding Teacher Information Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards. Scientific Inquiry Domain Biopsychology Domain Development and Learning Domain Social Context Domain Cognition Domain Individual Variation Domain Applications of Psychological Science Domain Key Terms and Definitions in Red To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.
68 Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about what might come next in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022
69 Name of Concept Use this slide to add a concept to the presentation
70 Name of Concept Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished
Operant Conditioning. PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers. Module 22
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