Operant Conditioning
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1 Operant Conditioning! Definition! Classical vs. Operant Conditioning! Four Basic Operant Procedures! Factors that make Operant procedures more effective! Primary and Secondary Reinforcers! Shaping
2 Conditioning! Classical Conditioning: Reflex responses are associated with new stimuli Operant Conditioning: Learning based on consequences of responding MAKING ASSOCIATIONS!!!!
3 Classical vs. Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning -Reflexive Behavior -Key component: Assoc. bet. 2 stimuli -Measures: Percentage of CRs Magnitude of CRs Latency of CRs Direct physiological response Indirect (approach/avoidance) Operant Conditioning -Operant Behavior -Key component: Consequences of one s B -Measured ONLY by the frequency (probability) of the behavior
4 Four Basic Procedures! Positive Reinforcement! Negative Reinforcement! Positive Punishment! Negative Punishment (Response Cost)
5 Operant Conditioning - 4 Consequences!! Something Good can start or be presented! Something Good can end or be taken away! Something Bad can start or be presented! Something Bad can end or be taken away
6 Operant Conditioning Learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur!!! Punishment! Weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur
7 Operant Conditioning - 4 Consequences!! Positive: technical term for "an event started" or "an item presented" is, since it's something that's added to the animal's environment! Negative: technical term for "an event ended" or "an item taken away" is, since it's something that's subtracted
8 Operant Conditioning - Reinforcements! Positive reinforcement: when a response is followed by receiving a reward or other desirable event (e.g., Good job! ) Negative reinforcement: when a response is followed by the removal of an unpleasant event (e.g., aspirin stops headache) Positive reinforcement Adds to & strengthens behavior Hungry, and eat a burger; Study hard, and get a good grade Negative reinforcement Takes away & strengthens behavior Sunglasses to take away pain of bright sun
9 Operant Conditioning - Punishments! Punishment: any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again Positive punishment = adding a stimulus, weakens likelihood of re-occurrence Negative punishment = taking away a stimulus, weakens likelihood of re-occurrence
10 Operant Conditioning - Punishments! Positive punishment Adds to & weaken behavior: You have to run 4 extra laps because you were late to practice You have to do more chores because you received bad grades Negative punishment Takes away & weaken behavior Your instructor makes you sit elsewhere because you won t stop talking to your friends A teenager s driving privileges are removed because he didn t come home on time
11 Operant Conditioning! Side effects of punishment: Increased aggression Passive aggressiveness Avoidance behavior Modeling Temporary suppression Learned helplessness
12 Consequences are subjective! *Simpsons! Field trip!!
13 Uses of Partial Reinforcement Shaping Reinforce successive approximations of target behavior - one step at a time - keep raising the bar
14 Creating New Behaviors (As opposed to just changing the frequency of a behavior that already exists) Shaping! Begin with a behavior the subject already does, and shape it to the behavior(s) you want! Need to reinforce each step (successive approximation)! Stop reinforcing a step to encourage subject to try new behaviors leading to the next step! Goal: subject performs Target Behavior
15 Which Procedure?! What was the Behavior?! What were the Consequences?! Was something Gotten/Added, or Lost/Taken away?! Did Probability of future behavior go Up, or Down?
16 Subtypes of Negative Reinforcement! Escape! Experience something, then perform behavior! Avoidance! Perform behavior before you experience something
17 Making Operant Conditioning more Effective! Contingency (Dependency)! Contiguity (Immediacy)! Size! Deprivation
18 Primary & Secondary Reinforcers! Reinforcer = consequence that strengthens behavior! Primary positive S R : typically tied to a biological need! Food, Water, Sex, Sleep! Primary negative S R : Escape
19 Primary & Secondary Reinforcers cont.! Secondary Reinforcers (Conditioned Reinforcers)! S R s that have acquired value through being: 1) Paired with an established S R OR 2) Exchanged with an established S R! Established S R s can be 1 0 or 2 0 reinforcers themselves! Money; Praise (a social S R )
20 Secondary Reinforcer Subtypes! Standard: exchangeable ONLY for one type of Primary S R! Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer! Can be exchanged for multiple reinforcers! Advantages! Cheaper! More immediate! Avoid satiation! More conveniently delivered! Not tied to any specific deprivation
21 Extrinsic & Intrinsic Reinforcers! Extrinsic Reinforcement: getting an external reinforcer for performing a behavior! Reading War and Peace for a good grade in class! Intrinsic Reinforcement: getting reinforcement simply by performing the behavior! Reading War and Peace for pleasure
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