Geologic Overview of Southern. California Mountain Ranges
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1 Geologic Overview of Southern Mark Bordelon Irvine Valley College March 2012 California Mountain Ranges Plate Tectonics Big Picture Fault Mechanics California Geology Big Picture Southern California Tectonic Development Peninsular Ranges Santa Ana Mountains San Joaquin Hills Economic Geology of PRB
2 Plate Boundaries Lithosphere is fragmented into ~20 tectonic plates. Plates move continuously at a rate of 1 15 cm/year. Slow on a human time scale; extremely rapid geologically. Plates interact along their boundaries.
3 Seismiscity Defines Boundaries Tectonic plates are identified by concentrations of earthquakes. Plate interiors are almost earthquake-free.
4 Continental Margins Where land meets the ocean. Margins near plate boundaries are active. Margins far from plate boundaries are passive.
5 Plate Boundaries: Divergent Divergent boundary tectonic plates move apart. Lithosphere thickens away from the ridge axis. Also called: spreading boundary, mid-ocean ridge, ridge.
6 Plate Boundaries: Convergent Convergent boundary tectonic plates move together. The process of plate consumption is called subduction. Also called: convergent margin, subduction zone, trench.
7 Plate Boundaries: Transform Transform boundary tectonic plates slide sideways. Plate material is neither created nor destroyed. Also called: transform fault, transform. wlpg1612
8 Geologic Time Scale 4.56 Billion Years Life first appeared on Earth ~3.8 Ga. Around 542 Ma marks the first appearance of hard shells.
9 Geologic Time Scale
10 Alaska Western U.S. Transform Boundary Queen Charlotte Fault Mendocino Fracture Zone Juan de Fuca Ridge San Andreas Fault PACIFIC PLATE Gulf of California Rivera Fault East Pacific Rise Canada NORTH AMERICAN PLATE Mexico Cascadian Subduction Zone COCOS PLATE
11 Cenozoic Plate Margin Changes for Western North America Marshack 2011
12 Physiography of S. California
13 Physiography of S. California + SAF
14 San Andreas EQ s 1857 m= mi rupture Offset m= mi rupture Owen s Valley Fault 1873 m=7.3
15 EQ Intervals for Southern San Andreas Fault (from Grant et al., 2010)
16 Plate Velocity along San Andreas Fault Meldahl 2011
17 Plate Configuration 15 m.y. in future San Andreas Motion most significant LA moves towards SF Bay Meldahl 2011
18 Plate Configuration 15 m.y. in future Walker Lane Motion most significant All of CA west of Sierra Nevada moves northwest Meldahl 2011
19 Plate Configuration 15 m.y. in future Basin/Range Motion most significant Rift through Basin & Range moves CA, OR, WA, and w. NV northwest Meldahl 2011
20 Rotation of Transverse Ranges
21 Animated Tectonic Models UCSB _DownloadPage/Download_Page.h tml#globaltectonics
22
23 Geomorphic Detail of S. California
24 Compression at Big Bend creates uplifted mountains/ islands, folds & reverse faults
25 Peninsular Ranges Mountain Ranges: Santa Ana, San Jacinto, Santa Rosa, Palomar, San Diego Rivers: San Diego River, Tijuana River, Santa Ana River Mountains: Santiago Peak (5,687 ft), San Jacinto Peak (10,804 ft), Mt. Palomar (6,140 ft) Rock types: Mesozoic intrusive igneous rocks (granites) and Mesozoic volcanic rocks; Cenozoic sedimentary rocks Faults: Newport-Inglewood, Elsinore, San Jacinto, Banning, San Andreas Resources: Gemstones, aggregates, Au, Ag
26 Peninsular Range Batholith emplaced Ma reference
27 Subduction of Farallon Plate created the Peninsular Batholith Meldahl 2011
28 Cenozoic Plate Margin Changes for Western North America Marshack 2011
29 Eastern vs. Western PRB Western belt has more mafic rocks Eastern belt has more felsic rocks
30 Granites Quartz, feldspars, micas, hornblende Granite Granodiorite
31 Gabbro (black granite) Gabbro and Diorite Feldspars, pryoxene, hornblende (more Fe, Mg-rich minerals) Diorite
32 Eastern vs. Western PRB Western belt: Formed during the early Cretaceous by subduction beneath an oceanic island arc Eastern belt: Formed in later Cretaceous time from a source rock that included a continental (silica-rich) component implies eastward shift in magmatic activity.
33 Range Bounding Faults Meldahl 2011
34 Prebatholith Rocks in the Peninsular Ranges Bedford Canyon Formation Marine turbidites deposited in offshore basins during the Jurassic (Bedford Canyon metasedimentary rocks are exposed in Santa Ana Mts) Julian Schist Metasedimentary rocks formed from shale deposited in submarine fans Santiago Peak Volcanics Forms the western edge of the peninsular batholith in southern California. It is composed of volcanic, volcaniclastic rocks of Cretaceous age (130 to 120 Ma).
35 Physiographic Map of Orange County
36 Geologic Time Scale OC Area
37 Geologic Time Scale OC Area
38 General Geology of Santa Ana Mts.
39 Geologic Column OC Area Fritsche & Behl, 2008
40 Paleogeographic Map of Sespe (orange) and Vasqueros (yellow/blue) Paleoenvironments Fritsche & Behl, 2008
41 Paleogeographic Map of S. California in late Cretaceous Fritsche & Behl, 2008
42 San Joaquin Hills Western-most range in Peninsular Ranges Bounded by Irvine Basin on northeast; Newport Bay on northwest and the Newport-Inglewood Fault on the southwest. Similar rocks to Santa Ana Mountains SJH represents a structural anticline with axis trending northwest-southeast Sespe Formation is found in northeast portion of SJH nonmarine formation with vertebrate fossils of oreodonts, camels, rodents Fritsche & Behl, 2008
43 Topanga Formation
44 Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone
45 Faults in SJH and N. Santa Ana Mts. Fritsche & Behl, 2008
46 Au (chemical symbol) Gold: State Mineral Pyrite (FeS 2 ) fools gold
47 Gold Production in California Meldahl 2011
48 Formation of Sierra Gold Deposits Meldahl 2011
49 Formation of Lode Deposits 1. Originally, gold element deposited in oceanic rocks 2. Hydrothermal fluids, heated by magmatic plutonic activity, cause the gold to migrate through fractures 3. Metal-rich quartz veins emplaced across plutonic/metamorphic rocks 4. ~100 M.y. emplacement age
50 Lode Deposits
51 Mining Lode Deposits Underground Mining Shafts & tunnels dug Stamp mills crush gold-bearing rock Mercury added to crushed rock Open Pit Mines Heap Leaching Dissolve gold with cyanide
52 Placer Deposits Gold concentrated in river or beach sediment Placers: 40% of California s gold take Mining techniques: Panning Sluice box Hydraulic mining Dredging
53 Gem Deposits in Peninsular Ranges (San Diego County) Gems are associated with pegmatites Pegmatites are coarse-grained, quartzrich plutonic rocks that are intruded into granites and other existing rocks
54 Gemstones found in San Diego Mines Quartz SiO 2 Tourmaline (Li,Na)HAl 6 B 2 Si 4 O 21 Beryls Be 3 Al 2 (SiO3) 6 Morganite (pink beryl) Kunzite LiAl(SiO3) 2 Lepidolite (KLi 2 Al(Al,Si) 3 O 10 (F,OH) 2
55 Schematic of Gem-bearing Pegmatite
56 Common Rock-forming Minerals Quartz Plagioclase Orthoclase Feldspars
57 Iron-rich Minerals Olivine Pyroxene Hornblende
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