Plant oil and their Uses and Canges in the Earth and its Atmosphere

Transcription

1 Plant oil and their Uses and Canges in the Earth and its Atmosphere C Revision (higher) 05 minutes 05 marks Page of 37

2 Q. Olive oil has a high content of healthy, unsaturated fats. (a) Olive oil and water do not mix. A salad dressing is made by shaking olive oil and water with an emulsifier. (i) Complete the sentence. The salad dressing of olive oil, water and emulsifier is a mixture called an.... () Give one benefit of using emulsifiers in food. () (b) Olive oil has a boiling point of 300 C. (i) Complete the sentence. The boiling point of olive oil compared to the boiling point of water is.... () Apart from colour, state two ways in which a food cooked in olive oil will be different to a food cooked in water. Page 2 of 37

3 Q2. (a) Crude oil is a mixture of compounds. These compounds are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only. (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. alcohols. Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only are called hydrocarbons. vegetable oils. () The table shows five of these compounds. Compound State at room temperature (20 C) Boiling point in C ethane, C 2 H 6 gas 89 butane, C 4 H 0 gas 0 hexane, C 6 H 4 liquid +69 pentadecane, C 5 H 32 liquid +270 heptadecane, C 7 H 36 solid +302 Tick ( ) two correct statements about the five compounds. Statement Tick ( ) ethane has the smallest molecules hexane and pentadecane are liquid at 00 C heptadecane has the highest boiling point butane boils at 00 C Page 3 of 37

4 (iii) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence. Fractional distillation is used to separate the compounds in crude oil. cracking The first step in fractional distillation is displacing the crude oil. evaporating burn During fractional distillation the compounds condense at different temperatures. decompose (b) Steam distillation is used to separate oils from plants. The diagram shows some apparatus that can be used to separate oil from lavender plants. Four parts of the apparatus are labelled W, X, Y and Z. (i) In which part, W, X, Y or Z, of the apparatus: is steam produced are steam and oil condensed? Use the correct word from the box to complete the sentence. dissolves floats sinks When the oil separates from the water, the oil... () Page 4 of 37

5 (iii) Describe how part Z of the apparatus can be used to remove the water from the oil. (Total 0 marks) Q3. This question is about plant oils. (a) Steam distillation is used to separate oils from plants. The diagram shows some apparatus that can be used to separate oil from lavender plants. Four parts of the apparatus are labelled W, X, Y and Z. Describe how lavender oil is separated from the plant material. Page 5 of 37

6 You need to describe what happens in each of the parts, W, X, Y and Z, of the apparatus. (4) (b) Olive oil can be used in the manufacture of margarine. Olive oil has a melting point of 6 C and contains about % saturated fat and 89% unsaturated fat. (i) Describe a test to show that olive oil contains unsaturated compounds. Give the result of the test. To make margarine from olive oil the percentage of unsaturated fat needs to be decreased. Give one reason why. () Page 6 of 37

7 (iii) Describe how to decrease the percentage of unsaturated fat in olive oil. (3) (Total 0 marks) Q4. Olive oil is used to make salad dressings and margarine. (a) Vinegar is often used to make salad dressings. Vinegar contains 95% water and 5% ethanoic acid. To make a simple salad dressing add olive oil to vinegar and shake. After a few minutes the mixture separates. To make a French salad dressing add mustard to the olive oil and vinegar and shake. After several minutes the mixture does not separate. (i) Why does the mixture in the simple salad dressing separate? () Page 7 of 37

8 Mustard in the French salad dressing has molecules with hydrophilic properties and hydrophobic properties. Explain why the French salad dressing does not separate. You may include a diagram to help you to answer this question. (3) (b) Olive oil contains 89% unsaturated fats and % saturated fats. What is the test and the result for unsaturated fats? (c) Olive oil is hardened to make margarine. Describe the reaction and conditions needed to harden a vegetable oil (3) (Total 9 marks) Page 8 of 37

9 Q5. Scientists state that unsaturated fats are healthier to eat than saturated fats. The table shows some information about four fats. Fat content as a percentage (%) Fat Unsaturated Saturated Melting point in C A B C D (a) (i) Which fat, A, B, C or D, has the lowest melting point? () Use the information in the table to describe the pattern between the percentage of unsaturated fat and the melting point. () (iii) Which fat, A, B, C or D, contains the smallest number of carbon carbon double bonds per gram? () (b) Fat A is reacted with hydrogen (hydrogenated). State one way in which the physical properties of Fat A are changed by this reaction () Page 9 of 37

10 (c) Tick ( ) one thing that scientists are not able to do. One thing that scientists are not able to do Tick ( ) find out if a fat is unsaturated show that an unsaturated fat is healthier to eat than a saturated fat stop people eating unhealthy fat change unsaturated fat to saturated fat () (Total 5 marks) Q6. Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences. higher hydrogen lower oxygen saturated unsaturated (i) Animal and vegetable oils that contain... fats can be hardened. When oils are hardened with... gas, a chemical change takes place, producing margarine which has a... melting point than the original oil. () (Total 3 marks) Page 0 of 37

11 Q7. Margarine is manufactured using hard plant oils. A margarine company tested several plant oils to determine their hardness for use in its margarine. In the test iodine solution was used to find the iodine value. The units are grams of iodine that react with 00 g of oil. Plant oils with lower iodine values are harder and are less unsaturated. Plant oil Melting point in C Iodine value Coconut 25 0 Palm Olive 6 8 Castor 8 85 Peanut 3 93 Rapeseed 0 98 Sunflower 7 25 Soya bean 6 30 (a) Do the results in the table indicate that there is a relationship between the melting point of a plant oil and its hardness? Explain your answer (b) The company stated that some of the plant oils were brown and that this may have affected the results. Explain why the company considered the colour of plant oils to be a problem with this test Page of 37

12 (c) A consumer group stated that the test should not be carried out by the margarine company but by independent scientists. Explain why (d) The company intends to use sunflower oil to make its margarine. Explain how the company could process the sunflower oil to make it suitable for the manufacture of margarine (3) (Total 9 marks) Page 2 of 37

13 Q8. This information was taken from a label on a packet of crisps. Main ingredients: Potatoes, vegetable oil, Worcester sauce flavour, colourings, flavourings, salt. Nutritional information (per 00 g): Energy Protein Carbohydrate of which sugars Fat of which saturates unsaturates Fibre Sodium 2040 kj 6.5 g 55 g 3 g 27 g 9 g 8 g 4.5 g.2 g Saturated fats are linked to heart problems. In order to claim that their crisps are healthy, the manufacturer keeps the proportion of saturated fats low. (i) What type of fat contains double carbon carbon bonds?... () The colour of bromine water is orange. What is seen when bromine water is shaken with: an unsaturated fat... a saturated fat?... Page 3 of 37

14 (iii) Unsaturated vegetable oils can be hardened to make them useful as spreads. Describe how unsaturated vegetable oils are hardened (Total 5 marks) Q9. The Earth has a layered structure and is surrounded by an atmosphere. (a) The diagram shows the layers of the Earth. Complete the labels on the diagram. Page 4 of 37

15 (b) The data in the table shows the percentages of the gases in the Earth s atmosphere. Name of gas Percentage (%) of gas Nitrogen 78 Oxygen 2 Other gases Present the data in the table on the grid below. (3) Page 5 of 37

16 (c) Millions of years ago a large meteorite hit the Earth. The meteorite heated limestone in the Earth s crust to a very high temperature. The heat caused calcium carbonate in the limestone to release large amounts of carbon dioxide. Draw a ring round the correct answer to complete each sentence. decomposed. (i) Carbon dioxide was released because the calcium carbonate was evaporated. reduced. () acid rain. More carbon dioxide in the Earth s atmosphere causes global dimming. global warming. () (Total 7 marks) Page 6 of 37

17 Q0. Evidence shows that the Earth formed from a molten ball of rocks and minerals. Before 900 many scientists thought that the Earth s mountains and continents formed in fixed positions when the molten ball of rocks and minerals cooled and wrinkled. (a) In 92 Alfred Wegener suggested his hypothesis of continental drift. The areas of rocks shown on Map contain fossils of the same type of animals. Today animals in Africa are different from animals in South America. Map Wegener suggested his hypthesis that all of the continents, including Africa and South America, had been joined together but then drifted slowly apart. Map 2 In 920 other scientists stated that all of the continents were in fixed positions, including Africa and South America, and that they had once been joined together by a land bridge. (i) Use the information to suggest two pieces of evidence that may have led Wegener to propose his hypothesis that continents move. Suggest why, in 920, other scientists thought that Wegener s hypothesis was wrong. Page 7 of 37

18 (b) In 962 scientists produced the theory of plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics supported Wegener s hypothesis that continents move. Tectonic plates move a few centimetres a year. Complete the sentences about what causes the movement of the Earth s tectonic plates. Deep inside the Earth... processes release large amounts of energy. These processes heat up the substances in the Earth s... producing convection currents. (Total 6 marks) Q. A map of the world shows that the outline of South America looks as if it would fit into the west coast of Africa. Alfred Wegener in 920 suggested his idea that the continents had been joined together but then slowly drifted apart. Page 8 of 37

19 Other scientists in 920 said that the continents were fixed on solid Earth and had been joined by a land bridge. Modern South American animals are different from modern African animals. Most fossils of animals found in South America and Africa are exactly the same. (a) Consider the information above. (i) What evidence gave Wegener the idea that the continents of South America and Africa had been joined? () Suggest two reasons why the other scientists in 920 thought that Wegener was wrong (b) Complete the sentences by writing in the correct words. Recent evidence has supported Wegener s idea. The Earth s... and the upper part of the mantle are now thought to be composed of tectonic plates. Heat released by radioactive processes causes convection currents within the Earth s... These convection currents cause the plates to move a few centimetres per... (3) (Total 6 marks) Page 9 of 37

20 Q2. In 935 C.F. Richter designed a scale for comparing the size of earthquakes. A newspaper reported that an earthquake off the coast of Kent had caused plaster to come down from ceilings, house tiles to loosen and church bells to ring. The epicentre is the place on the surface of the Earth directly above where the earthquake occurs. (a) Suggest why the earthquake in Kent was reported and why most earthquakes in the UK are not reported Page 20 of 37

21 (b) Explain how earthquakes are caused (3) (c) People living in Kent were not warned about this earthquake. In terms of what is happening within the Earth, explain the problems of trying to predict earthquakes (Total 7 marks) Q3. For 200 million years the proportions of the different gases in the atmosphere have been much the same as today. Over the past 50 years the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from 0.03% to 0.04%. (a) Describe how carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere: (i) by human and industrial activity; from carbonate rocks by geological activity Page 2 of 37

22 (b) Explain how the seas and oceans can decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (3) (c) (i) Give one reason why the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing gradually () Give one effect that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may have on the environment () (Total 9 marks) Q4. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increased by reactions that occur in internal combustion engines (X) and is decreased by reactions in sea water (Y). Page 22 of 37

23 Describe, in as much detail as you can, the reactions which take place at X and Y. (a) X (b) Y (3) (Total 5 marks) Q5. (a) Apart from water vapour, two gases account for about 99% of the present atmosphere of our planet. What are the names of these gases?... and... () (b) Scientists now have evidence that, over three billion years ago, our planet s atmosphere was mostly a mixture of water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia. Since then the mixture has gradually changed. (i) Suggest why there is now less water vapour in the atmosphere Suggest why there is now less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Page 23 of 37

24 (c) The following information suggests that the continents of Africa and South America were once joined together but then began to move apart. Fossilised remains of a large fern-like plant called Glossopteris have been found in the rocks of the Carboniferous period in both Africa and South America. Fossilised remains of a freshwater reptile called Mesosaurus have been found in the rocks of the Permian period in both Africa and South America. No fossils of identical organisms have been found in the rocks of the Jurassic or the Cretaceous period in Africa or South America. The following table gives the names of some of the periods in our planet s geological history. Start of the period millions of years ago Name of the period 2 Quaternary 65 Tertiary 36 Cretaceous 90 Jurassic 225 Triassic 280 Permian 345 Carboniferous 395 Devonian 435 Silurian 500 Ordovician 570 Cambrian (i) Use this information to suggest when Africa and South America began to move apart. About... million years ago. () Page 24 of 37

25 What conditions were necessary for Africa and South America to move apart? (3) (Total 9 marks) Page 25 of 37

26 M. (a) (i) emulsion any one from: provides better texture ignore forms an emulsion allow improves the taste allow easier to spread improves coating ability allow prevents ingredients from separating or stays mixed improves appearance (b) (i) higher / greater allow high accept 200( C) more allow (only) 00 C any two from: in olive oil the food allow converse points for water has a higher energy content has a harder/crisper texture has a different flavour / taste absorbs olive oil allow not as healthy or more fat if no other mark awarded allow cooks quicker for mark 2 [5] M2. (a) (i) hydrocarbons ethane has the smallest molecules (iii) heptadecane has the highest boiling point evaporating condense Page 26 of 37

27 (b) (i) W Y floats if no answer written on line, allow correct answer indicated in the box (iii) open the tap allow let the water out ignore remove water stop the flow of liquid when the water has run out allow until oil is left behind ignore filter [0] M3. (a) students do not have to use the letters but the descriptions should be in logical order W the water boils or steam is produced allow water vapour rises X the oils / substances (in lavender) are vaporised / removed (by the steam) Y (the vapours are) condensed allow turned back to liquid ignore cooled Z the water can be run off / tapped off leaving the oil(s) allow oil floats on water or they form two layers (b) (i) incorrect reagent = 0 marks add bromine water (bromine water) is decolourised / goes colourless ignore clear if colour of bromine water given it must be yellow, orange, red or brown Page 27 of 37

28 any one from: to harden the oil to change the oil into a solid to make the oil into a spread to increase its melting point ignore boiling point (iii) incorrect process = max 2 (olive oil is) reacted with hydrogen accept hydrogenated using a nickel catalyst at a temperature of about 60 C allow 50 C to 60 C if last two points not given allow heat with a catalyst for mark [0] M4. (a) (i) olive oil does not dissolve in water accept olive oil and water are immiscible allow there is no emulsifier ignore mustard ignore do not mix / different densities because mustard is an emulsifier or an emulsion forms or a suspension of oil in vinegar / water forms or vice versa accept because an emulsifier is added the molecules have a head / hydrophilic end which dissolves in / attracted to water and a tail / hydrophobic end which dissolves in / attracted to oil accept a diagram for either or both of these two marking points if diagram contradicts the description or vice versa max one of these two marks (b) (test:) bromine (water) allow iodine (solution) Page 28 of 37

29 (result:) turns colourless allow orange colour disappears / decolourises ignore clear (c) (olive oil is reacted with) hydrogen accept hydrogenated using a nickel catalyst (at a temperature of about) 60 C allow C ignore hot / heat [9] M5. (a) (i) A allow - as the percentage of unsaturated fat decreases the melting point increases or vice versa ignore boiling point / temperature ignore pattern linked to the percentage of saturated fat ignore numerical values (iii) D allow 0 (b) any one from: do not accept to make it less healthy or more healthy increase the melting point ignore boiling point make it spreadable make it solid (at room temperature) allow make it hard(er) ignore density / mass / viscous / thicker increase the % of saturated fat allow make it saturated or decrease the % of unsaturated fat ignore references to double / single bonds Page 29 of 37

30 (c) stop people eating unhealthy fat [5] M6. (i) unsaturated hydrogen higher [3] M7. (a) yes (there is the general trend) as the iodine value increases the melting point decreases or as the hardness decreases the mp decreases accept converse statement do not accept boiling point or no melting points are in random order / go up and down one specific use of comparative data from the table either showing the trend or an anomaly can be gained from yes or no answer ignore bp (b) (c) the iodine turns colourless this would be difficult to see (if the oil was dark coloured) allow similar colour as iodine or iodine is brown (consumer may think that) the company (scientists) would be biased consumer more likely to trust independent scientists allow independent scientists not biased Page 30 of 37

31 (d) add (measured amount of) hydrogen accept hydrogenation any two from: (nickel) catalyst hot / 60 C temperature hardened accept add a hard / hydrogenated fat / oil or make an emulsion 2 [9] M8. (i) (poly)unsaturated accept monounsaturated (iii) (turns) colourless or colour disappears / decolourises do not accept clear stays the same colour / orange / no change allow yellow-orange / orange-brown / red-orange (react) with hydrogen / H2 / hydrogenation any one from: heated / 60 C catalyst / nickel [5] M9. (a) crust ignore Earth s core ignore inner and/or outer (b) bar chart all heights are correct accept correctly plotted points Page 3 of 37

32 all labels are correct for nitrogen, oxygen and other / argon (c) (i) decomposed global warming [7] M0. (a) (i) the continents of South America and Africa would have fitted together like a jigsaw there are matching / similar rocks / fossils on the continents of South America and Africa other scientists thought that continents are fixed / cannot float or Wegener had no evidence to prove that continents can move allow Wegener was not respected by other scientists / PhD in astronomy and that a land bridge could explain the matching / similar rocks / fossils on the continents of South America and Africa (b) radioactive mantle words must be in the order shown [6] M. (a) (i) old animals / fossils / rocks match (when the continents are put together) or (continents) fit together ignore they are the same shape Page 32 of 37

33 any two from: continents / plates cannot move (thousands of kilometres) accept the continents / plates are attached to the Earth or continents / plates cannot drift / float modern / new animals are different a land bridge (could explain the matching fossils / rocks) ignore no evidence no proof no reputation 2 (b) crust allow lithosphere mantle year [6] M2. (a) (Kent reported because) damage was caused or it was above 3 (on the Richter scale) accept description of damage (others not reported because) no vibrations / not felt / not noticed allow below 3 (on Richter scale) ignore no damage (b) movement of (tectonic) plates allow collision of plates or plates rubbing together or plates pushing against each other any two from: vibration / (shock)waves (in the earth) or p and s waves accept sudden jolts / slips caused by convection currents (in the mantle) heat / energy released from radioactive processes 2 Page 33 of 37

34 (c) any two from: scientists do not know: what happens under the crust / mantle / under the surface accept anything under the crust where forces / pressures are building up how to measure these forces / pressures when these forces / pressures reach their limit accept there is no pattern ignore random / speed of movement 2 [7] M3. (a) (i) burning / breathing / respiration / fuels / food for mark each 2. rock is heated / subducted (owtte) / close to magma / melted. rock is decomposed / carbon dioxide released through volcanoes for mark each 2 (b) carbon dioxide reacts / dissolves in sea-water / dissolves in rain water insoluble carbonates / calcium carbonate are / is formed carbon dioxide turned into shells / coral / limestone / chalk / sediments also soluble hydrogencarbonates (calcium / magnesium) are formed photosynthesis by plants any three for mark each 3 (c) (i) sea unable to absorb all the extra carbon dioxide being produced more trees being cut down / deforestation increased burning of fuels / more cars / more industry (not more people) any one for mark global warming / greenhouse effect or effects such as melting ice caps / rising sea levels / climatic change / more deserts (not changes to ozone layer) for one mark [9] Page 34 of 37

35 M4. (a) any two mark each burning / combustion fossil fuels or (locked up) carbon accept fuel / named fuel oxygen used 2 (b) any three from produces (calcium) carbonate which is insoluble produces (calcium) hydrogencarbonate which is soluble photosynthesis releases oxygen 3 [5] M5. (a) nitrogen and oxygen both required either order (b) (i) any two from (atmosphere) is now cooler water vapour has condensed to form sea(s) / ocean(s) 2 any two from has dissolved in / reacted with seawater has formed carbonates (evolution of green) plants removed by photosynthesis has formed fossil fuels 2 (c) (i) 225 accept any date in the Triassic period (mya) do not credit 90 (mya) Page 35 of 37

36 on different (tectonic) plates or answer refers to African and South American plates (movement) due to convection currents in the mantle due to energy / heat from the core or due to radioactivity [9] Page 36 of 37

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