Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. CHIN ESE JOURNAL OF APPL IED ECOLO GY,Oct. 2004,15 (10) ( 1

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1 CHIN ESE JOURNAL OF APPL IED ECOLO GY,Oct 2004,5 (0) ( 006 ; ) : 04 < 023 < 032 < 033 < 044 < 053 < (2004) X7,Q49 A Structure characteristics and health distance assessment of various disturbed communities of Korean pine and broadleaved mixed forest in Changbai Mountains DAI Limin, CHEN Gao,DEN G Hongbing 2,J I Lanzhu, HAO Zhanqing, WAN G Qingli ( Institute of A pplied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, S henyang 006, China ; 2 Research Center f or Eco2Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 00085, China) 2Chin J A ppl Ecol,2004,5 (0) : Through samples investigation,this paper analyzed and classified the community structures of overcutting original forests,secondary birch forests and larch plantation forest under different disturbances At the same time, some indexes which can reflect the integrity and stability of stand structure were selected Health Distance ( HD) method,a new idea,was attempted to assess ecosystem health of Korean pine and broadleaved mixed forest in Changbai Mountains The results showed that the health degree was in order of original broadleaved stand (04) < structure switched stand (0 23) < structure reserved stand (0 32) < structure destroyed stand (0 33) < heavy disturbed stand (0 44) < secondary birch stand (0 53) < larch plantations (0 68) Hopefully,it will be a helpful reference on the restoration of Korean pine and broadleaved mixed forest and on the regional forestry sustainable development Key words Ecosystem health, Assessment, Health distance, Korean pine and broadleaved mixed forest, Dis2 turbance [5,8,0,7 ] [9 ] [4,3 ], [9 ] [7, ] [,6 ],, [3 8 ] 2 [2,6,2,4,5 ], 3 ( , ) (2002BA56A20,200BA50B07) , Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co, Ltd All rights reserved

2 0 : 75 k, k 2, k n ( k + k k n = ), A B HD ( A, B) = 6 n B ( x i ) - A ( x i ) K i = A ( x i ) i A B , m E N, : ; 22 2 : ; 3 ; 4 : ( 5 5 2, cm ) ; 5 : ( 5 cm 2 ) ; 6 : ; 7 : 7 3 (cm) ; 8 : CO 2 O 2 (t ( ) m 30 m m 0 m, 3 > 3 3 m ( ) 5, ( ) 5 ( i =,2, n), A B [ B ( x i ) - HD AB - ) ; 9 : (t hm - 2 ) ,3 4 ( ) 5 7 [ 8 : 7, = 00 () = 00 (2) 200 ( H > 25 m) = 6 00 (3) = 00 (4) = ( + +,, ) / 3 (5) 232 ( I) :, ( HD) ( HD) ( ) 60 %,23 24 ( ) 50 %,25 26,26 ( ) : A B, X, X 2, X n A B, ; A B B ( xi) - A ( xi) : A ( x i ) ]/ A ( x i ) ( A, B) / A ;, B A [ A ( x i ) - B ( x i ) ]/ B ( x i ) ( B, A ) / B Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co, Ltd All rights reserved

3 752 5 Table Dominant species of every community 3 Type ( 8 cm ) Vegetation composition(breast dia 8 cm) Natural forest Selective cutting forest Secondary birch forest Larch plantation Community No 2 29 Table 2 Structural classification of 29 plots A B C D E F G H No,2,3,4,5 6,7 8,9,0, 2,3,4,5 6,7 8, ,28,29 A : Original broadleaved and Korean pine mixed forests ;B : Original broadleaved stands ;C : Struc2 ture reserved forests ;D : Structure switched forests ; E : Structure destroyed forests ; F : Heavy disturbed forests ; G: Secondary birch forests ; F) Larch plantations The same below, 4, :) ;2) (2) (3 ( H 8 m) (8 m > H > 0 m) (6 7) ;4) ( H < 25 m) (8 9) ( 8 ) 5) ;3), 4,, ( ) Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co, Ltd All rights reserved

4 0 : 753, 32 3 Table 3 Value of organization structure and function index 3 Index 4 5 Categories Plot 5 A B C ( HD) / 0 6 3, 05 : 04 < 023 < 032 < 033 < 044 < 053 < 068, (04) (044),, (032) (023) dicator trees in main forest layer ; ( 5 cm ) Diameter class (033) changeof arbor layer ; 3 Pinus koraiensis, Tilia, Abies (053) (068), 4 Table 4 Category mean value of part structure and function index D E F G H Vertical layer of stand ; Gap and patch ; Number,species and decomposition class of rotten and fallen and withered woods; ( 5 cm ) Diameter class of in2 nephrolepis, Fraxinus mandshurica,etc ; Vegetation cut off,litters and soil leakage(cm) ; CO 2 O 2 CO 2 fixation and O 2 release(t yr - ) ; Existing biomass(t hm - 2 ) The same below Index A B C D E F G H I ( HD) Table 5 Health distance and relative distance to original health base of each category stand in every index Index B C D E F G H Health distance Standardization HD Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co, Ltd All rights reserved

5 : 04 < 023 < 032 < 033 < 044 < 3 Chen B2H( diversity in the world Worl d For Res, (4) : 6 (in Chinese) 053 < Chen G( ),Dai L2M ( 4,,,,, Chinese),? Health,2 () :9 40, [4,2,3 ] Alexander SA,Palmer CJ 999 Forest health monitoring in the U2 nited States : First four years Envi ron Monit Assess,55 (2) : Callicott JB 992 Aldo Leopold Metaphor Ecosystem Health : New Goals for Environmental Management Washington DC: Island Press ) 993 Crisis and protection significance of bio2 ), Fan Z2H ( ), et al 2002 On forest ecosystem health and its evaluation Chin J A ppl Ecol ( ),3 (5) : (in Chinese) 5 Costanza R 992 Toward an operational definition of ecosystem health In : Ecosystem Health : New Goals for Environmental Man2 agement Washington,DC : Island Press Hodges DG,Regens JL 996 Methodological issues in valuing for2 est ecosystem health Ecosyst Health,2 () : Kolb TE, Wagner MR, Covington WW 994 Concepts of forest health2utilitarian and ecosystem perspectives J For,6 :0 5 8 Kong H2M ( ),Zhao J2Z( ),Ji L2Z( ) 2002 Assessment method of ecosystem health Chi n J A ppl Ecol ( ),3 (4) : (in Chinese) 9 Li J2W ( ),eds 997 Korean Pine Mixed Forest : Ecology and Management Harbin :Northeast Forestry University Press (in 0 Ma K2M ( ), Kong H2M ( ), Guan W2B ( ), et al 200 Ecosystem health assessment :methods and directions Ac2 ta Ecol Si n ( ),2 (2) : (in Chinese) O 2Laughlin2J 996 Forest ecosystem health assessment issues : definition, measurement, and management implications Ecosyst 2 Rapport DJ,Costanza R, et al 998 Assessing ecosystem health Tree,3 : Rapport DJ 995 Ecosystem services and management options as blanket indicators of ecosystem health J A quat Ecosyst Health, 4 (2) : Ren H( ),Wu J2G( ),Peng S2L ( ) 2000 E2 valuation and monitoring of ecosystem health Trop Geog ( ),20 (4) :30 36 (in Chinese) 5 Schaeffer DJ, Henricks EE, Kerster HW 988 Ecosystem health : Measuring ecosystem health Envi ron Man,2 : Wang Q2L ( ),Deng H2B( ) 200 Flections on stud2 ies of forest ecology I m pact Sci Soc ( ),3 :42 47 (in Chinese) 7 Yazvenko SB,Rapport DJ 996 A framework for assessing forest ecosystem health Ecosyst Health,2 () : Zhang J2T( ) ed 995 Methods in Quantitative Vegetation Ecology Beijing :China Science and Technology Press (in Chinese),960,, 40 E2 mail com Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co, Ltd All rights reserved