LEROY MERLÍN FUNDACIÓN JUAN XXIII-IBERMAIL. A Study of Forest Biomass Sustainability SHOUF BIOSPHERE RESERVE, LEBANON THERMAL BIOMASS PROJECT 2013

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1 December 203 SHOUF BIOSPHERE RESERVE, LEBANON THERMAL BIOMASS PROJECT 203 A Study of Forest Biomass Sustainability GRUPO SYLVESTRIS SL CL Asura 34 bis Madrid SPAIN. Tel.: Tel.: e.enciso.encinas@gmail.com f.martinez@gruposylvestris.com LEROY MERLÍN FUNDACIÓN JUAN XXIII-IBERMAIL

2 . INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION. The SHOUF BIOSPHERE RESERVE, LEBANON THERMAL BIOMASS Project, financed by MAVA, was created in 203 in order to install a new wood and olive marc briquette production plant for the biomass stoves used by the inhabitants of the region. There is currently a plant near Kfarfagoud capable of producing a million briquettes per year. The plant intends to expand a nearby building, creating the possibility of more space and mechanization which will allow for increased production capacity in coming years. This document has been created to analyze how production could be increased by studying the feasibility of the project and, more specifically, the possibility of sustainably fueling the plant with local raw materials in the future. The three components used in producing the briquettes will be sold to the consumer with % moisture content (MC): - Woodchips from the forest (4% MC at origin). - Woodchips from agricultural waste (4% MC at origin). - Olive marc (30% MC at origin). The woodchips represent 43% of the end product and the remaining % corresponds to the olive marc. Both the woodchips from agricultural waste and the olive marc rely on pruning of fruit trees (almonds, olives, pines, etc.), in addition to the olive oil mill waste. According to the information collected by the technicians in the already existing plant and personnel related to the project in the area, there should be no problem maintaining a sustainable supply of raw materials each year from these processes, due to their agricultural origin. The limitation is found in the woodchips collected from the forest which depend on the annual production of the nearby mountains where the maximum collection amount allowed is the annual waste produced by the forest, so as not to affect the existing forest ecosystem. It is not allowed to collect more from the mountain than is naturally produced in order to create sustainable use of the wood over time, and to enhance the survival of the forest areas. 2. METHODOLOGY. There are various forest types nearby that can be used for collecting wood: deciduous hardwood from Quercus infectoria, broadleaved evergreens such as the Quercus calliprinos (and a mixture of both), pine forests of Pinus brutia, and areas with both deciduous and pine trees. The undergrowth of the deciduous forests can be used while only the clippings, from pruning the lower branches up to 2.-3m off the ground, of pine forests can be used as it is illegal to cut down conifers. However, it is possible to take further advantage of some THERMAL BIOMASS PROJECT 203. STUDY OF FOREST BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY 2

3 pine forests, by thinning and clearing them due to the age, density and heightened forest fire risks (if and when such thinning and clearing is allowed). The mapped areas were surveyed in November 203, within the limits described by those responsible in Lebanon, in order to confirm the existence and approximate production capacity of the mountains that the future plant in Kfarfagoud could use. The territory has been divided into seven areas, disregarding the wooded areas with a slope greater than 30%, studying the areas with an <30% slope, based on the forest specie distribution, size, crown closure (CC) and exploitation strategy. At the end of this document it is shown the DISTRIBUTION MAP OF AVAILABLE FORESTS. The different types of exploitations used to obtain raw material will be:. Coppice broadleaved. Forests formed by Quercus calliprinos bushes, Quercus infectoria or a mixture of both, with different coppice stands have an average diameter between 6 and cm each, a height between 3 and m and a CC between 40% and 90%. The cutting period is years and only the thin wood will be taken into account (twigs, branches, etc.) for wood chips, as the thicker wood will be used in the stoves directly due to their size. 2. Pruning of pine forests. Pine forests of Pinus brutia are often found on old abandoned terraces or in woods with steep hillsides. The pines have an average diameter of -2 cm, a height between 4 and 0 m, the CC is between 4% and 90% and there is no cutting allowed due to current legislation. Therefore, the exploitation will come from pruning the lower 2.-3 m of the pine trees, which will lighten the forest mass and reduce the risk of forest fires. 3. Mix of broadleaved trees and conifers (pines). Forests where trees from both groups previously mentioned are present and which are often found on abandoned terraces. 3. EXTRACTING RAW MATERIALS. Below is a chart broken-down into areas and type of mountain in order to calculate the opportunity in the area outlined in the map: AREA MOUNTAIN TYPE Deciduous (Q. infectoria) HECTARES (SLOPE 30%) CC (%) THIN THICK THIN THICK TOTAL THERMAL BIOMASS PROJECT 203. STUDY OF FOREST BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY 3

4 AREA MOUNTAIN TYPE Evergreen (Q. calliprinos) Evergreen (Q. calliprinos) Deciduous (Q. infectoria) HECTARES (SLOPE 30%) CC (%) THIN THICK THIN THICK TOTAL , THERMAL BIOMASS PROJECT 203. STUDY OF FOREST BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY 4

5 AREA MOUNTAIN TYPE HECTARES (SLOPE 30%) CC (%) THIN THICK THIN THICK TOTAL Deciduous (Q. infectoria) Evergreen (Q. calliprinos) Deciduous (Q. infectoria) Evergreen (Q. calliprinos) TOTAL: 2,36.93, , ,93.92 AVERAGE:.84 /YEAR WITH 4% MC The proposed raw material needed is: Year t/year % MC briquettes/year FOREST CHIPS (t) 4% MC AGRICULTURAL CHIPS (t) 4% MC OLIVE MARC (t) 30% MC TOTAL 30%-4% MC 203,200,000, , ,489,24, ,3 20,848,40, ,232 2, ,293,9, ,29 2, ,846 2,3, ,898 3, ,32 2,943, ,34 4, ,383 3,62, ,303 2,923, ,440 4,33, 9,26 3,62 6, ,,62,60,0 2,26 4,0,84 THERMAL BIOMASS PROJECT 203. STUDY OF FOREST BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY

6 As can be seen, the supply of thin forest wood (twigs, branches, etc.) is limited and does not go above,000 t/year, with an initial moisture content of 4%. As a result of this limitation, it would be necessary to increase the amount of agricultural wood acquired each year and reaching agreements with farmers in order to organize the collection of raw materials, by gathering them on the outskirts of towns and in controlled areas. In the broadleaf treed mountains studied it would be possible to collect 2,8 t/year of thick wood. This wood is mainly used in stoves and will therefore not be used to manufacture briquettes. According to the information supplied by those responsible for the plant, the olive marc produced in the area seems not to be a limiting factor, as a greater quantity is produced each year than is consumed by the plant, when it reaches maximum production. 4. PROJECT FEASIBILITY. As long as the maximum extraction of the areas studied is respected, the project will be viable by substituting part of the forest wood with agricultural wood, when necessary. Organizing the collection of agricultural wood in each town in stockpile sites will be paramount in making the woodchips profitable, by transporting mobile machinery to each stockpile point. THERMAL BIOMASS PROJECT 203. STUDY OF FOREST BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY 6

7 The use of thin forest wood reduces the prevalence of this wood in the mountain thereby reducing the risk of forest fires. The use of agricultural wood reduces the need for bonfires that farmers currently use to dispose of it. On occasion, when the supply of both forest and agricultural wood is low, an increase in the amount of olive marc for manufacturing briquettes is possible. A small olive oil mill was visited which produces about 40 tons of this type of fuel per year; the briquettes made of 00% olive marc worked properly in local residents stoves. THERMAL BIOMASS PROJECT 203. STUDY OF FOREST BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY

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