How To Understand The Germanic Germanian Germany

Transcription

1 The Skeleton Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi

2 Axial Skeleton Skull 22 bones 8 cranial bones Frontal 1 Parietal 2 Occipital 1 Temporal 2 Sphenoid 1 Ethmoid 1 14 facial bones Maxilla 2 Palatine 2 Zygomatic 2 Lacrimal 2 Nasal 2 Vomer 1 Inferior nasal concha 2 1 mandible

3 Middle ear bones Malleus 2 6 bones Incus 2 Stapes 2 Hyoid bone Hyoid 1 1 bones Vertebral column 26 bones Cervical vertebra 7 Thoracic vertebra 12 Lumbar vertebra 5 Sacrum 1 Coccyx 1 Thoracic cage 25 bones Ribs 24 Sternum 1

4 The Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle Scapula 2 4 bones Clavicle 2 Upper limbs 60 bones Humerus 2 Radius 2 Ulna 2 Carpal 16 Metacarpal 10 Phalanx 28

5 Pelvic girdle 2 bones Coxal bone 2 Lower limbs 60 bones Femur 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Patella 2 Tarsal 14 Metatarsal 10 Phalanx 28 Total 206 bones

6 Skull (Cranium) Skull Skull: protect brain (brain case). Facial bones: - Contains cavities for sense organ (eyes, smell). - Frame of the face. - Attachment sites for mulches of mastication & facial expression.

7 The Eight bones of the cranium a) Frontal bone (forehead ) Frontal sinuses Forms superior part of orbits Forms roof of nasal cavity b) Parietal bones and major sutures Curved, rectangular bone Forms the bulging sides and roof of cranium The 4 largest sutures occur where parietal bone articulates with other bones.

8 Coronal suture : where parietal bones meet the frontal bone anteriorly. Lamboid suture : where parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly. Squamous suture : where parietal and temporal bone meet on the lateral aspect of the skull. Sagittal suture : where the 2 parietal bones meet superiorly at the cranial midline.

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10 C) Occipital bone : Forms the back (posterior) of skull Foramen magnum : a large opening on its lower surface houses nerve fibers that pass through and enter the vertebral canal to become the spinal cord. Occipital condyles : articulates with the first vertebra (atlas) Hypoglossal canals : for passage of hypoglossal nerves.

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12 d) Temporal bones : Lateral sides of skull. Contains the external auditory meatus (external ear). Mandibular fossa receive condyles of mandible (lower jaw). Zygomatic arch (process) projects interiorly from the temporal bone. Mastoid process attachment for muscles of neck. Styloid process attachment for muscles of tongue and pharynx. Jugular fareamen at the junction of occipital and petrous temporal bone allows passage of the internal jugular vein. Carotid canal transmit internal carotid artery.

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15 e) Sphenoid bone (butterfly - shaped) Sella turcica indentition of a part of sphenoid, in the depression lies the pituitary gland. Contains 2 sphenoid sinuses. It has greater and lesser wings. Optic foramina allows passage of the optic nerve. Superior orbital fissure a long slit between the greater and lesser wing allows passage of the cranial nerves that control eye movements (III, IV, VI) to enter the orbit.

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18 F) Ethmoid bone: Olfactory foramina passage for the olfactory nerve. Middle and superior nasal concha (nasal plates), also known as turbinates. Ethmoid sinuses.

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20 Facial Skeleton Maxillary bones (upper jaw) All facial bones except mandible articulate with maxillae. Forms roof of mouth (anterior 2/3 of hard palate). Contains upper teeth. Maxillary sinuses (largest sinuses). Zygomatic process of maxilla articulate with zygomatic bone. Infraorbital foramen allows passage of infraorbital nerve. Infraorbital fissure at junction of maxilla with the greater wing of sphenoid allows passage of zygomatic nerve, maxillary nerve (a branch of cranial nerve V), and blood vessels.

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23 Palatine bones L shaped. Forms post 1/3 of hard plate. Zygomatic bones (cheek bones) Temporal process, which extends posteriorly to join the zygomatic process of temporal bone. Together these processes form the zygomatic arch. Lacrimal bones A groove in its anterior portion forms the lacrimal fossa (tear channel). Nasal bones Forms bridge of nose medially Attachment of cartilaginous tissues that form the shape of the nose.

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25 Vomer bone: unpaired, forms the nasal septum along with ethmoid bone. Inferior nasal conches (largest): Support mucous membranes within nasal cavity.

26 Mandible (lower jaw) Unpaired. Horseshoe shaped (u-shaped). Largest bone of the face. It has a body anchors the lower teeth. 2 ramus. Coronoid process site of attachment of temporalis muscle that elevates jaw during chewing. Mandibular condyle articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone to form T.M.J.

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28 The orbits: Bony cavities within which the eyes are encased. The walls of each orbit are formed by parts of seven bones (the frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones).

29 Infantile skull At birth, skull is incompletely developed, with fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones. These membranes are called fontanels (soft spots). Allow brain growth by allowing skull to expand.

30 The vertebral Column The vertebral column (the spine) : Cervical spine (C 1 -C 7 ) Thoracic spine (T 1 -T 12 ) Lumbar spine (L 1 -L 5 ) Sacrum (5 vertebra fused into one bone) Coccyx (4 vertebra fused) Curvatures of spine: Cervical & Lumbar are concave posteriorly Thoracic & sacral curvature are convex posteriorly

31 Abnormal Curvatures: Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature of spine. Kyphosis : (hunch back), exaggerated dorsally (T spine ). Lordosis : exaggerated Lumbar curvature.

32 Intervertebral Disc Intervertebral discs : cushion like pads located between vertebrae. It is composed of 2 parts. Nucleus pulpous act like a rubber ball which gives disc elasticity and compressibility. Annulus fibrosus a strong collar of collagen fibers and fibrocartilage, holds the nucleus pulpous in place and resists tension in spine. Rupture of annulus fibrosus causes protrusion of nucleus resulting in herniated disc.

33 Body: weight bearing portion, located anteriorly. Vertebral arch : located posteriorly. Seven processes project form this arch. Vertebral foramen: opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch, through which the spinal cord passes. Pedicle: project posteriorly from the vertebral body. General structure of vertebrae

34 Lamina: flattened plates that fuse posteriorly to close the arch. Spinous process: posterior projection arising from the junction of 2 lamina (posterior projection of the arch). Transverse process: extends laterally from each side of the arch. Intervertebral foramina: the spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord pass through these holes.

35 Cervical vertebrae: (C 1 -C 7 ) C 1 = known as atlas. C 2 = known as axis. Vertebral Characteristics C 7 = known as vertebra prominens. C 1 has no body and no spinous process. C 2 has a knob like structure called dens or odontoid process projecting superiorly. Odontoid allows rotation of atlas. C 3 - C 7 have the following characteristics: The body is oval shaped The SP's are short (except for C 7 that is long). Vertebral foramen is triangular & large. Each T.P contains a transverse foramen through which the vertebral blood vessels pass to service the brain.

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37 Thoracic vertebrae: (T 1 -T 12 ) The body is heart shaped Vertebral foramen is circular Sp is long and points sharply inferiorly With exception of T 11 and T 12,they articulate with ribs. Lumbar vertebrae: (L 1 -L 5 ) The body is massive and kidney shaped (support body weight). Vertebral foramen is triangular Sp's are short

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40 Sacrum: Triangular shaped structure. Formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae. Strengthen and stabilize the pelvis. Coccyx (Tail bone): Formed by fusion of 4 vertebrae.

41 The bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage ) Includes the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages. Sternum : (breast bone)- lies in anterior mid line of the thorax. It results from the fusion of 3 bones: the Manubruin, the body and the xiphoid process. Ribs : 12 pairs 1-7 ribs are true ribs because they join the sternum directly. Reaming 5 ribs are false ribs (8-12) they donot have sternal attachment, directly. Ribs are floating ribs no anterior attachment.

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43 The pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle ): 4 parts 2 clavicles (collar bones) & 2 scapulae (shoulder blades) Clavicle: has a sternal (medial end) & an acrominal (lateral end) Scapulae: The Appendicular Skeleton has the genocide cavity that articulates with the humerus of the arm, forming the shoulder joint. spine divides the scapula into unequal portions called the supraspinous and infraspinous fossa. the Acromion: the spine ends laterally in an enlarged anterior projection, articulates with clavicle to form A-C joint. coracoids process site of attachment of biceps muscle and other upper limb muscles. subscapulars fossa (cavity) concavity of entire anterior scapular surface.

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46 The upper Limb Humerus : single bone of the arm. Head fits into the glenoid cavity of scapula. It has a greater tubercle & a lesser tubercle which are sites of attachment of muscles that move the upper limb, at shoulder. Intertubercular groove tendon of biceps brachii muscle passes through this groove. Deltoid tuberosity attachment site of deltoid muscle.

47 Radial groove radial nerve passes. Trochlea located medially at distal end of humerus. Capitulum located laterally at distal end of humerus. Medial & lateral epicondyles for attachment of muscles. Ulnar nerve passes behind the medial epicondyle. Coronoid fossa ant. surface, receives the coronoid process of ulna. Olecranon fossa posterior surface of humerus (distally) receives the olecranon process of ulna.

48 Radius: located on thumb side of the forearm. extends from elbow to wrist and crosses over the ulna when the hand is turned so that the palm faces backward. head articulates with capitulum of the humerus. radial tuberosity attachment point for biceps. styled process attachment point for the ligaments of the wrist. Forearm (Radius & Ulna)

49 Ulna: longer than radius forms the elbow joint with humerus. olecranon and coronoid process fit into the olecranon fossa and coronoid fossa of the humerus when the elbow bends. head located at distal end of ulna. medial styloid process site of attachment of ligaments of wrist.

50 hand: Wrist Palm 5 fingers Wrist: consists of 8 short bones. Proximal row: (lateral to medial )- scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform Distal row : (lateral to medial) trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate. Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home.

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52 Metacarpals & Phalanges of the hand 5 bones, one in line with each finger, numbered 1-5 from thumb to little finger. Their base articulate with carpals and their head with phalanges (are considered long bones even though small). Phalanges (Fingers): Numbered 1-5 Have proximal, middle and distal ends (thumb lacks middle phalanx). So each hand has 14 finger bones.

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54 The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Consists of 2 coaxal bones (hip bones). Transmits the weight of body to legs. Protects urinary bladder, distal end of large intestine, and reproductive organs. Coaxal bones: Ilium Ischium pubis These 3 bones fuse in a region of cup shaped cavity called aceutabulum. Ilium: largest and most superior portion of the coaxial bone, flares out ward.

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56 posterioly it joins the sacrum to form the Sacroiliac joint. posterioly indents to form the greater sciatic notch. Ischium: forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone, L shaped. has an ischial tuberosity, that supports our weight when seated, and is the strongest part of the hip bones. Pubis: forms the anterior portion of the coax bone, the 2 pubic bones come together at midline to form the pubic symphysis V shaped Obturator foramen largest foramen of body (skeleton), is formed by both ischium + pubis bones.

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58 Femur (thigh bone): Longest, strongest bone of the body. Head of femur fits into the acetabulum. Greater & lesser trochanter site of attachment of muscles. Greater trochanter is superior and laterally located. Lesser trochanter is medially located and is inferior to greater trochanter. The Lower Limb

59 Lateral and medial condyles, located distally and articulate with tibia of the leg. Lateral and medial epicondyles provide attachment for muscles and ligaments. Patella (knee cap): Flat bone Located anteriorly over the knee Important in knee motion.

60 Tibia (skin bone) Largest of the 2 leg bones. Located on the medial side of leg. Next strongest bone in body. Leteral & medial condyles. Tibial tuberosiy attachment point for patellar ligament. medial malleolus - distal medial ankle. Fibula: Head- located proximally Lat. Malleolus, distally located Forms the lat. ankle

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62 Foot: 1) Tarsal bones 2) Metatarsals 3) Phalanges. Tarsal bones 7 tarsals Talus can move freely where it joins tibia and fibula. Calcaneus forms the heel of foot. It is the site of attachment of Achillis tendon. The reaming tarsal are the Lat. Cuboid, Navicular and the Medial, Intermediate and Lat. Cuneiforms.

63 Metatarsals: numbered 1-5,beginning on the medial side Phalanges (toes): 14 phalanges 3 phalanges in each toe except for great toe (the hallux), which has two.

64 Clinical Terms Bunion Deformity of great toe; lateral displacement of great toe and medial displacement of metatarsal 1, caused by thight shoes. Club foot congenital disease in which the soles of feet face medially and toes point inferiorly. Chiropractic - treating disease by manipulating the spine. Podiatrists - a specialist in foot disorders. Orthopedists surgeon who repair damaged bone and joints. Prolapsed disc A herniated disc.