5.1: Atomic Mass Unit
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1 Topic 5: Stoichiometry - Chemical Arithmetic Masses of some atoms: H = O = U = Introducin.the Atomic Mass Unit (amu) amu = x : Atomic Mass Unit Atomic Mass is defined relative to Carbon -2 isotope 2 2 amu is the mass of the C isotope of carbon Carbon -2 atom = amu 6 Hydroen - atom =.008 amu Oxyen -6 atom = amu Chlorine -35 atom = amu 2 5.: Atomic Mass - Natural Abundance We deal with the naturally occurrin mix of isotopes, rather than pure isotopes Carbon has three natural isotopes Isotope Mass (amu) Abundance (%) 2 C C C x 0-4 Any shovelful of Carbon from livin material will have a Naturally Occurrin Abundance of % 2 C,.08% 3 C and 0.000% 4 C 3
2 5.: Atomic Mass - Relative Abundance How do we take into account the naturally occurrin Abundances? Take the averae mass of the various isotopes weihted accordin to their Relative Abundances Relative Isotope Mass (amu) Abundance (%) Abundance 2 C C C x x 0-6 N.B. The % Abundance adds up to 00 The Relative Abundance adds up to 4 5.: Averae Atomic Mass Isotope Mass (amu) Abundance (%) 2 C C C x 0-4 Relative Abundance x 0-6 The Averae Atomic Mass is iven by: ( x amu) + (0.008 x amu) + ( x 0-6 x amu) = 2.0 amu 5 5.: Atomic and Molecular Mass You can calculate the mass of any compound from the sum of the atomic masses from the periodic table. Example: Molecular Mass of H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 2 Hydroen atoms Sulfur atom 4 Oxyen atoms 6 2
3 5.: Molecular Mass H 2 SO 4 2 Hydroen atoms Sulfur atom 4 Oxyen atoms (2 x.0 amu) + ( x amu) + (4 x 6.00 amu) = 2.02 amu amu amu = amu 7 5.: Formula Mass What is the formula mass of : (Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate) Ca(NO 3 ) 2.4H 2 O? Calcium 2 Nitroens 8 Hydroens 0 Oxyens ( x amu) + (2 x 4.0 amu) + (8 x.0 amu) + (0 x 6.00 amu) = amu 8 5.: Formula Mass vs. Molecular Mass Use MOLECULAR MASS when talkin about MOLECULES e.. CO 2 H 2 O C 6 H 2 O 6 Use FORMULA MASS when talkin about IONIC COMPOUNDS e.. NaCl Cu(NO 3 ) 2 CaO BUT the two terms are basically interchaneable 9 3
4 5.2: How to Avoid Hue Numbers Recall the introduction of Atomic Mass Units amu = x 0-24 This avoids workin with ridiculously small masses How to avoid the problem of countin hue numbers of ecules / atoms? 0 5.2: How to Avoid Hue Numbers - Use es! How does a chemist say how many ATOMS or MOLECULES she reacted? She talks of es of Atoms or Molecules reacted e = x 0 23 Avoadro s Number (N A ) 5.2: A e is of anythin e = PEANUTS PEANUTS KMnO 4 KMnO 4 e of ANTS = 6.02 x 0 23 ANTS Br 2 ecules Br 2 ecules BEERS BEERS CH 3 COOH CH 3 COOH The NUMBER is constant, NOT the MASS 2 4
5 5.2: The e: Where does it come from? Definition: e is the number of Carbon atoms found in EXACTLY 2.00 of 2 C 2 amu = amu = 6.02 x amu = = 2 e e amu = : Molar mass How to calculate the mass of e of a compound? = the ecular mass in rams H 2 SO 4 2 Hydroen atoms Sulfur atom 4 Oxyen atoms (2 x.0079 ) + ( x ) + (4 x ) = : Molar mass Examples: ecule of KCl has ecular mass of amu., of KCl has a mass of , and contains 6.02 x 0 23 ecules of KCl. e of H 2 O has a mass of? 5 5
6 5.2: Calculations of ar amounts How many es of ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) are there in a schooner of beer? (The averae schooner contains 20.8 ethanol) Mass of ethanol = 20.8 Molar mass of ethanol = no. of es of ethanol = = = 0.45 no. of es = mass () / ar mass (. - ) 6 5.2: Calculations of ar amounts How many es of caffeine (C 8 H 0 N 4 O 2 ) are there in a tin of Red Bull? ( tin contains 80 m of caffeine) Mass of C 8 H 0 N 4 O 2 = 80 m = 0.08 Molar mass of C H 0 N 4 O 2 = no. of es of caffeine = = = caffeine 7 5.2: Calculations of ecular amounts How many MOLECULES of ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) are there in a schooner of beer? (The averae schooner contains 20.8 ethanol) Mass of ethanol = 20.8 = 0.45 Molar mass of ethanol = No. of ecules e = ecules. - no. of ecules of ethanol = ecules = ecules of ethanol 8 6
7 5.2: Calculations of ecular amounts How many MOLECULES of nicotine (C 0 H 4 N 2 ) are there in an averae ciarette (.2 m)? Mass of nicotine =.2 m = Molar mass of nicotine = No. of ecules e = ecules. - Step : Convert mass to es usin ar mass no. of es of nicotine = / = es of nicotine 9 5.2: Calculations of ecular amounts How many MOLECULES of nicotine (C 0 H 4 N 2 ) are there in an averae ciarette (.2 m)? Mass of nicotine =.2 m = = Molar mass of nicotine = No. of ecules e = ecules. - Step 2: Convert es to ecules usin Avoadro s number no. of ecules of nicotine = ecules. - = ecules of nicotine 20 e = x 0 23 thins e = x 0 23 AVOGADRO S NUMBER (N a ) 2 7
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