CHAPTER 8: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CHAPTER 8: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION"

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 8: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Active Learning: 1-4, 6-8, 12, 18-25; End-of-Chapter Problems: 3-4, 9-82, 84-85, 87-92, , , 111, 113, 119, ATOMIC MASSES: COUNTING ATOMS BY WEIGHING Atoms are too small to weigh directly e.g. one carbon atom has a mass of g too inconvenient an amount to use! need more convenient unit for an atom s mass atomic mass unit (amu) Carbon-12 was chosen as the reference and given a mass value of 12 amu 1 amu = 1/12 th the mass of a carbon-12 atom Masses for all other elements are measured relative to mass of a carbon-12 atom Weighted Average Atomic Mass of an Element Why is carbon s mass on Periodic Table amu, NOT amu?! Atomic masses reported on the Periodic Table are weighted averages of the masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes for each element based on their percent natural abundance i.e., the percentage of existing atoms that are a specific naturally occurring isotopes. Ex. 1 If % of carbon exists as carbon-12, which has a mass of , while 1.108% exists as carbon-13, which has a mass of , calculate the average atomic mass for carbon. average atomic mass = ( )( amu) + ( )( amu) Ex. 2 The atomic masses of the three naturally occurring isotopes or argon, Ar-36 (0.3365%), Ar-38 (0.0632%) and Ar-40 ( %), are amu, amu, and amu, respectively. Calculate the average atomic mass for argon. page 1 of 10

2 8.3 THE MOLE Atomic Masses and Molar Masses If 98.93% of C atoms are carbon-12 and 1.07% of C atoms are carbon-13, then the (weighted average) atomic mass of carbon is calculated as follows: ( amu)(0.9893) + ( amu)(0.0107) = amu So how many carbon atoms are present in grams of carbon? This number was determined experimentally to be It was named Avogadro s number, to honor Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro who first proposed in 1811 that the volume of a gas depended only on the number (not type) of atoms or molecules present at a given temperature and pressure AVOGADRO'S NUMBER (N A )= (4 sig figs) How big is this? If hydrogen atoms were laid side by side, the total length would encircle the Earth about a million times. The mass of Olympic shotput balls is about equal to the mass of the Earth. The volume of softballs is about equal to the volume of the Earth. page 2 of 10

3 THE MOLE CONCEPT 1 mole (abbreviated mol) = items Similar to: 1 dozen = 12 items 1 dozen doughnuts = 12 doughnuts 1 mole of doughnuts = doughnuts MOLE CALCULATIONS I a. How many eggs are in 3 dozen eggs? b. How many eggs are in 3.00 moles of eggs? c. How many moles of C atoms are present in a sample of C atoms? 8.5 MOLAR MASS Thus, the mass of 1 mole of C atoms is g (or g/mol) 1 mole ( ) is the amount of atoms of any element that has a mass in grams equal to the mass of ONE atom in amu. The atomic masses reported for each element in the Periodic Table give the average atomic mass in amu and the molar mass in g/mol. Molar mass (MM): Mass in grams of 1 mole of any element or compound Example: Use the Periodic Table to provide the molar mass of each element below: a. Al: b. Si: c. Ar: d. Sn: page 3 of 10

4 Molar mass (MM): Mass in grams of 1 mole of any element or compound To obtain the molar mass of a compound, multiply the molar mass of each element by the number of each present, then add them all up. Example: Determine the molar mass of each of the following compounds: a. O 2 : 2 (molar mass of O) = 2 (16.00 g/mol) = g/mol b. NaCl: c. CO 2 : d. H 2 SO 4 : e. Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 : Do not worry about rounding molar mass to the correct number of sig figs! Molar mass will rarely be the measurement that limits the number of sig figs for a calculation. CONVERSIONS AMONG MASS, NUMBER OF MOLES, AND NUMBER OF PARTICLES Use the dimensional/unit analysis method: 1. Write the units of the final answer. 2. Write the given information related to the answer. 3. Determine the unit factors (Avogadro s #, molar masses) necessary to solve the problem using the given information Ex. 1: How many moles of helium are in 5.00 g of helium? page 4 of 10

5 Ex. 2: How many moles of neon are in 25.0 g of neon? Ex. 3: How many neon atoms are in 25.0 g of neon? Ex. 4: How many moles of H 2 O are in 50.0 g of H 2 O? Ex. 5: How many H 2 O molecules are in 50.0 g of H 2 O? Ex. 6: How many H atoms are in 50.0 g of H 2 O? page 5 of 10

6 MOLAR VOLUME: The volume occupied by 1 mole of any gas Avogadro's Law: At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules. Standard temperature and pressure (STP): T=0 C and P=1.00 atm At STP, 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 L! 3 sig figs Write 2 unit factors using this information: Mole Calculations with Molar Volume: Ex. 1 What mass of CO 2 occupies a volume of 25.0 L at STP? Ex. 2 What is the volume occupied by 10.0 g of propane gas (C 3 H 8 ) at STP? Ex. 3 How many He atoms are present in a 10.0 L balloon filled with He gas at STP? page 6 of 10

7 8.6 PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS Mass Percent Composition (or Mass Percent): The mass of each element in a compound divided by the mass of the entire compound. Mass of Element Mass Percent of Element = 100% Total Mass of Compound Steps to determine percentage composition: 1. Calculate the total mass of each individual element in the compound 2. Add up all the masses of each element to get the total mass of the compound 3. Divide the mass of each individual element with the total mass of compound Ex. 1 What is the percent composition by mass of each element in H 2 O? Ex. 2 What is the percent composition by mass of each element in K 2 SO 4? % H % O % K % S % O Ex. 3 What is the percent composition by mass of each element in Al 2 (CO 3 ) 3? % Al % C % O page 7 of 10

8 Ex. 4: Calculate the mass of iron in 50.0 g of rust, iron(iii) oxide. Ex. 5: Calculate the mass of silver present in 125 g of silver carbonate. Ex. 6 What mass of nitrogen is present in 75.0 g of ammonium nitrate? 8.7 FORMULAS OF COMPOUNDS Empirical Formula: Simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound where the term empirical means derived from experiment Molecular Formula: Fill in the table below: Chemical formula of a compound that expresses the actual number of atoms present in one molecule. The molecular formula will either be exactly the same or some multiple of the empirical formula! glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6 caffeine, C 6 H 10 N 4 O 2 acrylonitrile, C 3 H 3 N Empirical Formula Molecular Formula page 8 of 10

9 8.8 CALCULATION OF EMPIRICAL FORMULAS Guidelines for Determining the Empirical Formula of a Compound 1. Find the # of moles of each element in the compound. 2. Divide each # of moles of each element by smallest # of moles to get ratio of atoms. 3. Get a whole number ratio for all atoms in the compound: If within 0.1 of a whole number, round to that whole number If any ratio ends close to 0.5 multiply ALL subscripts by 2 If any ratio ends close to 0.33 or 0.66 multiply ALL subscripts by 3 Ex. 1: Determine the empirical formula for nickel oxide if a sample of nickel oxide consists of g of nickel and 7.26 g of oxygen? empirical formula: name: Ex. 2: Ascorbic acid, known more commonly as Vitamin C, is a hydrocarbon derivative, a compound that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. If a g sample of ascorbic acid contains g of carbon and 1.14 g of hydrogen, determine the empirical formula for ascorbic acid. Empirical Formula of ascorbic acid: page 9 of 10

10 8.9 CALCULATION OF MOLECULAR FORMULAS Determining the Molecular Formula of a Compound 1. For the Molecular Formula, you will be given the molar mass of the compound, and you need to calculate the molar mass of the empirical formula. 2. Divide the molar mass of the compound by the molar mass of the empirical formula to get the factor by which to multiply each subscript in the empirical formula. Ex. 3: If the ascorbic acid in Ex. 2 above has a molar mass of g/mol, determine its molecular formula. Empirical and Molecular Formulas from Percent Composition: 1. Assume g of the compound is present, so change percent units to grams. 2. Follow the same steps for determining empirical formula and molecular formula. Ex. 4: Quinine is used as an antimalarial drug. An analysis of quinine indicates the compound consists of 74.03% carbon, 7.47% hydrogen, 8.64% nitrogen, and 9.86% oxygen. If quinine's molar mass is 325 g/mol, determine the empirical and molecular formulas for quinine. Empirical Formula of Quinine: Molecular Formula of Quinine: page 10 of 10

How much does a single atom weigh? Different elements weigh different amounts related to what makes them unique.

How much does a single atom weigh? Different elements weigh different amounts related to what makes them unique. How much does a single atom weigh? Different elements weigh different amounts related to what makes them unique. What units do we use to define the weight of an atom? amu units of atomic weight. (atomic

More information

Unit 3 Notepack Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities Qualifier for Test

Unit 3 Notepack Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities Qualifier for Test Unit 3 Notepack Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities Qualifier for Test NAME Section 7.1 The Mole: A Measurement of Matter A. What is a mole? 1. Chemistry is a quantitative science. What does this term mean?

More information

Element of same atomic number, but different atomic mass o Example: Hydrogen

Element of same atomic number, but different atomic mass o Example: Hydrogen Atomic mass: p + = protons; e - = electrons; n 0 = neutrons p + + n 0 = atomic mass o For carbon-12, 6p + + 6n 0 = atomic mass of 12.0 o For chlorine-35, 17p + + 18n 0 = atomic mass of 35.0 atomic mass

More information

Chemical Calculations: The Mole Concept and Chemical Formulas. AW Atomic weight (mass of the atom of an element) was determined by relative weights.

Chemical Calculations: The Mole Concept and Chemical Formulas. AW Atomic weight (mass of the atom of an element) was determined by relative weights. 1 Introduction to Chemistry Atomic Weights (Definitions) Chemical Calculations: The Mole Concept and Chemical Formulas AW Atomic weight (mass of the atom of an element) was determined by relative weights.

More information

The Mole. Chapter 10. Dimensional Analysis. The Mole. How much mass is in one atom of carbon-12? Molar Mass of Atoms 3/1/2015

The Mole. Chapter 10. Dimensional Analysis. The Mole. How much mass is in one atom of carbon-12? Molar Mass of Atoms 3/1/2015 The Mole Chapter 10 1 Objectives Use the mole and molar mass to make conversions among moles, mass, and number of particles Determine the percent composition of the components of a compound Calculate empirical

More information

Study Guide For Chapter 7

Study Guide For Chapter 7 Name: Class: Date: ID: A Study Guide For Chapter 7 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The number of atoms in a mole of any pure substance

More information

Ch. 10 The Mole I. Molar Conversions

Ch. 10 The Mole I. Molar Conversions Ch. 10 The Mole I. Molar Conversions I II III IV A. What is the Mole? A counting number (like a dozen) Avogadro s number (N A ) 1 mole = 6.022 10 23 representative particles B. Mole/Particle Conversions

More information

CHAPTER 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations. atoms in a FORMULA UNIT

CHAPTER 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations. atoms in a FORMULA UNIT CHAPTER 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations MOLECULAR WEIGHT (M. W.) Sum of the Atomic Weights of all atoms in a MOLECULE of a substance. FORMULA WEIGHT (F. W.) Sum of the atomic Weights

More information

The Mole Notes. There are many ways to or measure things. In Chemistry we also have special ways to count and measure things, one of which is the.

The Mole Notes. There are many ways to or measure things. In Chemistry we also have special ways to count and measure things, one of which is the. The Mole Notes I. Introduction There are many ways to or measure things. In Chemistry we also have special ways to count and measure things, one of which is the. A. The Mole (mol) Recall that atoms of

More information

Chemistry 65 Chapter 6 THE MOLE CONCEPT

Chemistry 65 Chapter 6 THE MOLE CONCEPT THE MOLE CONCEPT Chemists find it more convenient to use mass relationships in the laboratory, while chemical reactions depend on the number of atoms present. In order to relate the mass and number of

More information

Part One: Mass and Moles of Substance. Molecular Mass = sum of the Atomic Masses in a molecule

Part One: Mass and Moles of Substance. Molecular Mass = sum of the Atomic Masses in a molecule CHAPTER THREE: CALCULATIONS WITH CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS Part One: Mass and Moles of Substance A. Molecular Mass and Formula Mass. (Section 3.1) 1. Just as we can talk about mass of one atom of

More information

Description of the Mole Concept:

Description of the Mole Concept: Description of the Mole Concept: Suppose you were sent into the store to buy 36 eggs. When you picked them up you would get 3 boxes, each containing 12 eggs. You just used a mathematical device, called

More information

Chemical Composition. Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation FOURTH EDITION. Atomic Masses. Atomic Masses. Atomic Masses. Chapter 8

Chemical Composition. Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation FOURTH EDITION. Atomic Masses. Atomic Masses. Atomic Masses. Chapter 8 Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation FOURTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois Chemical Composition Chapter 8 1 2 Atomic Masses Balanced equation tells us the relative numbers of molecules

More information

Chapter 6 Notes. Chemical Composition

Chapter 6 Notes. Chemical Composition Chapter 6 Notes Chemical Composition Section 6.1: Counting By Weighing We can weigh a large number of the objects and find the average mass. Once we know the average mass we can equate that to any number

More information

Chemical Composition Review Mole Calculations Percent Composition. Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8 1

Chemical Composition Review Mole Calculations Percent Composition. Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8 1 Chemical Composition Review Mole Calculations Percent Composition Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8 1 QUESTION Suppose you work in a hardware store and a customer wants to purchase 500

More information

Mole Notes.notebook. October 29, 2014

Mole Notes.notebook. October 29, 2014 1 2 How do chemists count atoms/formula units/molecules? How do we go from the atomic scale to the scale of everyday measurements (macroscopic scale)? The gateway is the mole! But before we get to the

More information

We know from the information given that we have an equal mass of each compound, but no real numbers to plug in and find moles. So what can we do?

We know from the information given that we have an equal mass of each compound, but no real numbers to plug in and find moles. So what can we do? How do we figure this out? We know that: 1) the number of oxygen atoms can be found by using Avogadro s number, if we know the moles of oxygen atoms; 2) the number of moles of oxygen atoms can be found

More information

Chapter 4. Chemical Composition. Chapter 4 Topics H 2 S. 4.1 Mole Quantities. The Mole Scale. Molar Mass The Mass of 1 Mole

Chapter 4. Chemical Composition. Chapter 4 Topics H 2 S. 4.1 Mole Quantities. The Mole Scale. Molar Mass The Mass of 1 Mole Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Chapter 4 Topics 1. Mole Quantities 2. Moles, Masses, and Particles 3. Determining Empirical Formulas 4. Chemical Composition of Solutions Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,

More information

MOLECULAR MASS AND FORMULA MASS

MOLECULAR MASS AND FORMULA MASS 1 MOLECULAR MASS AND FORMULA MASS Molecular mass = sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in the molecule. Formula mass = sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in the formula unit. 2 MOLECULAR MASS AND

More information

Solution. Practice Exercise. Concept Exercise

Solution. Practice Exercise. Concept Exercise Example Exercise 9.1 Atomic Mass and Avogadro s Number Refer to the atomic masses in the periodic table inside the front cover of this textbook. State the mass of Avogadro s number of atoms for each of

More information

Name Date Class CHEMICAL QUANTITIES. SECTION 10.1 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER (pages 287 296)

Name Date Class CHEMICAL QUANTITIES. SECTION 10.1 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER (pages 287 296) Name Date Class 10 CHEMICAL QUANTITIES SECTION 10.1 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER (pages 287 296) This section defines the mole and explains how the mole is used to measure matter. It also teaches

More information

2 The Structure of Atoms

2 The Structure of Atoms CHAPTER 4 2 The Structure of Atoms SECTION Atoms KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What do atoms of the same element have in common? What are isotopes? How is an element

More information

Other Stoich Calculations A. mole mass (mass mole) calculations. GIVEN mol A x CE mol B. PT g A CE mol A MOLE MASS :

Other Stoich Calculations A. mole mass (mass mole) calculations. GIVEN mol A x CE mol B. PT g A CE mol A MOLE MASS : Chem. I Notes Ch. 12, part 2 Using Moles NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics. 1 MOLE = 6.02 x 10 23 representative particles (representative particles

More information

= 16.00 amu. = 39.10 amu

= 16.00 amu. = 39.10 amu Using Chemical Formulas Objective 1: Calculate the formula mass or molar mass of any given compound. The Formula Mass of any molecule, formula unit, or ion is the sum of the average atomic masses of all

More information

Chemical Calculations: Formula Masses, Moles, and Chemical Equations

Chemical Calculations: Formula Masses, Moles, and Chemical Equations Chemical Calculations: Formula Masses, Moles, and Chemical Equations Atomic Mass & Formula Mass Recall from Chapter Three that the average mass of an atom of a given element can be found on the periodic

More information

Matter. Atomic weight, Molecular weight and Mole

Matter. Atomic weight, Molecular weight and Mole Matter Atomic weight, Molecular weight and Mole Atomic Mass Unit Chemists of the nineteenth century realized that, in order to measure the mass of an atomic particle, it was useless to use the standard

More information

MOLAR MASS AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT Themolar mass of a molecule is the sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in the molecule. Molar Mass.

MOLAR MASS AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT Themolar mass of a molecule is the sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in the molecule. Molar Mass. Counting Atoms Mg burns in air (O 2 ) to produce white magnesium oxide, MgO. How can we figure out how much oxide is produced from a given mass of Mg? PROBLEM: If If 0.200 g of Mg is is burned, how much

More information

Calculation of Molar Masses. Molar Mass. Solutions. Solutions

Calculation of Molar Masses. Molar Mass. Solutions. Solutions Molar Mass Molar mass = Mass in grams of one mole of any element, numerically equal to its atomic weight Molar mass of molecules can be determined from the chemical formula and molar masses of elements

More information

Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry

Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Why? Chemists are concerned with mass relationships in chemical reactions, usually run on a macroscopic scale (grams, kilograms, etc.). To deal with

More information

Unit 7A - The Mole. We Need to Count atoms. The Mole and Molar Mass

Unit 7A - The Mole. We Need to Count atoms. The Mole and Molar Mass Unit 7A - The Mole The Mole and Molar Mass We Need to Count atoms Airbags are inflated by a chemical reaction: electrical 2 NaN 3 (s) 3 N 2 (g) + 2 Na(s) decomposition Each airbag needs the right amount

More information

F321 MOLES. Example If 1 atom has a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g 1 mole of atoms will have a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g x 6.02 x 10 23 = 7.

F321 MOLES. Example If 1 atom has a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g 1 mole of atoms will have a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g x 6.02 x 10 23 = 7. Moles 1 MOLES The mole the standard unit of amount of a substance (mol) the number of particles in a mole is known as Avogadro s constant (N A ) Avogadro s constant has a value of 6.02 x 10 23 mol -1.

More information

The Mole Concept. The Mole. Masses of molecules

The Mole Concept. The Mole. Masses of molecules The Mole Concept Ron Robertson r2 c:\files\courses\1110-20\2010 final slides for web\mole concept.docx The Mole The mole is a unit of measurement equal to 6.022 x 10 23 things (to 4 sf) just like there

More information

Name Date Class CHEMICAL QUANTITIES. SECTION 10.1 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER (pages 287 296)

Name Date Class CHEMICAL QUANTITIES. SECTION 10.1 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER (pages 287 296) 10 CHEMICAL QUANTITIES SECTION 10.1 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER (pages 287 296) This section defines the mole and explains how the mole is used to measure matter. It also teaches you how to calculate

More information

Ch. 6 Chemical Composition and Stoichiometry

Ch. 6 Chemical Composition and Stoichiometry Ch. 6 Chemical Composition and Stoichiometry The Mole Concept [6.2, 6.3] Conversions between g mol atoms [6.3, 6.4, 6.5] Mass Percent [6.6, 6.7] Empirical and Molecular Formula [6.8, 6.9] Bring your calculators!

More information

Lecture 5, The Mole. What is a mole?

Lecture 5, The Mole. What is a mole? Lecture 5, The Mole What is a mole? Moles Atomic mass unit and the mole amu definition: 12 C = 12 amu. The atomic mass unit is defined this way. 1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-24 g How many 12 C atoms weigh 12 g?

More information

Mole Calculations Multiple Choice Review PSI Chemistry

Mole Calculations Multiple Choice Review PSI Chemistry Mole Calculations Multiple Choice Review PSI Chemistry Name The Mole and Avogadro's Number 1)What is the SI unit for measurement of number of particles in a substance? A) kilogram B) ampere C) candela

More information

Chapter 3: Stoichiometry

Chapter 3: Stoichiometry Chapter 3: Stoichiometry Key Skills: Balance chemical equations Predict the products of simple combination, decomposition, and combustion reactions. Calculate formula weights Convert grams to moles and

More information

Stoichiometry. What is the atomic mass for carbon? For zinc?

Stoichiometry. What is the atomic mass for carbon? For zinc? Stoichiometry Atomic Mass (atomic weight) Atoms are so small, it is difficult to discuss how much they weigh in grams We use atomic mass units an atomic mass unit (AMU) is one twelfth the mass of the catbon-12

More information

The Mole Concept and Atoms

The Mole Concept and Atoms Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 4 24 September 2013 Calculations and the Chemical Equation The Mole Concept and Atoms Atoms are exceedingly

More information

The Mole. 6.022 x 10 23

The Mole. 6.022 x 10 23 The Mole 6.022 x 10 23 Background: atomic masses Look at the atomic masses on the periodic table. What do these represent? E.g. the atomic mass of Carbon is 12.01 (atomic # is 6) We know there are 6 protons

More information

Atomic Masses. Chapter 3. Stoichiometry. Chemical Stoichiometry. Mass and Moles of a Substance. Average Atomic Mass

Atomic Masses. Chapter 3. Stoichiometry. Chemical Stoichiometry. Mass and Moles of a Substance. Average Atomic Mass Atomic Masses Chapter 3 Stoichiometry 1 atomic mass unit (amu) = 1/12 of the mass of a 12 C atom so one 12 C atom has a mass of 12 amu (exact number). From mass spectrometry: 13 C/ 12 C = 1.0836129 amu

More information

CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND FORMULA WEIGHT CALCULATIONS

CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND FORMULA WEIGHT CALCULATIONS CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND FORMULA WEIGHT CALCULATIONS 1. THE MEANING OF A CHEMICAL FORMULA A chemical formula is a shorthand method of representing the elements in a compound. The formula shows the formulas

More information

Chapter 3. Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry. Lecture Presentation. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT

Chapter 3. Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry. Lecture Presentation. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Lecture Presentation Chapter 3 Chemical Reactions and Reaction James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT The study of the mass relationships in chemistry Based on the Law of Conservation of Mass

More information

Formulas, Equations and Moles

Formulas, Equations and Moles Chapter 3 Formulas, Equations and Moles Interpreting Chemical Equations You can interpret a balanced chemical equation in many ways. On a microscopic level, two molecules of H 2 react with one molecule

More information

1. How many hydrogen atoms are in 1.00 g of hydrogen?

1. How many hydrogen atoms are in 1.00 g of hydrogen? MOLES AND CALCULATIONS USING THE MOLE CONCEPT INTRODUCTORY TERMS A. What is an amu? 1.66 x 10-24 g B. We need a conversion to the macroscopic world. 1. How many hydrogen atoms are in 1.00 g of hydrogen?

More information

Chapter 1: Moles and equations. Learning outcomes. you should be able to:

Chapter 1: Moles and equations. Learning outcomes. you should be able to: Chapter 1: Moles and equations 1 Learning outcomes you should be able to: define and use the terms: relative atomic mass, isotopic mass and formula mass based on the 12 C scale perform calculations, including

More information

IB Chemistry 1 Mole. One atom of C-12 has a mass of 12 amu. One mole of C-12 has a mass of 12 g. Grams we can use more easily.

IB Chemistry 1 Mole. One atom of C-12 has a mass of 12 amu. One mole of C-12 has a mass of 12 g. Grams we can use more easily. The Mole Atomic mass units and atoms are not convenient units to work with. The concept of the mole was invented. This was the number of atoms of carbon-12 that were needed to make 12 g of carbon. 1 mole

More information

Chemical formulae are used as shorthand to indicate how many atoms of one element combine with another element to form a compound.

Chemical formulae are used as shorthand to indicate how many atoms of one element combine with another element to form a compound. 29 Chemical Formulae Chemical formulae are used as shorthand to indicate how many atoms of one element combine with another element to form a compound. C 2 H 6, 2 atoms of carbon combine with 6 atoms of

More information

10 The Mole. Section 10.1 Measuring Matter

10 The Mole. Section 10.1 Measuring Matter Name Date Class The Mole Section.1 Measuring Matter In your textbook, read about counting particles. In Column B, rank the quantities from Column A from smallest to largest. Column A Column B 0.5 mol 1.

More information

Honors Chemistry: Unit 6 Test Stoichiometry PRACTICE TEST ANSWER KEY Page 1. A chemical equation. (C-4.4)

Honors Chemistry: Unit 6 Test Stoichiometry PRACTICE TEST ANSWER KEY Page 1. A chemical equation. (C-4.4) Honors Chemistry: Unit 6 Test Stoichiometry PRACTICE TEST ANSWER KEY Page 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Question What is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction? What 3 things (values) is a mole of a chemical

More information

Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Answers

Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Answers Key Questions & Exercises Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Answers 1. The atomic weight of carbon is 12.0107 u, so a mole of carbon has a mass of 12.0107 g. Why doesn t a mole of

More information

Introduction to Chemistry

Introduction to Chemistry 1 Copyright ç 1996 Richard Hochstim. All rights reserved. Terms of use. Introduction to Chemistry In Chemistry the word weight is commonly used in place of the more proper term mass. 1.1 Atoms, Ions, and

More information

The Mole. Chapter 2. Solutions for Practice Problems

The Mole. Chapter 2. Solutions for Practice Problems Chapter 2 The Mole Note to teacher: You will notice that there are two different formats for the Sample Problems in the student textbook. Where appropriate, the Sample Problem contains the full set of

More information

MOLES, MOLECULES, FORMULAS. Part I: What Is a Mole And Why Are Chemists Interested in It?

MOLES, MOLECULES, FORMULAS. Part I: What Is a Mole And Why Are Chemists Interested in It? NAME PARTNERS SECTION DATE_ MOLES, MOLECULES, FORMULAS This activity is designed to introduce a convenient unit used by chemists and to illustrate uses of the unit. Part I: What Is a Mole And Why Are Chemists

More information

602X10 21 602,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000 6.02X10 23. Pre- AP Chemistry Chemical Quan44es: The Mole. Diatomic Elements

602X10 21 602,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000 6.02X10 23. Pre- AP Chemistry Chemical Quan44es: The Mole. Diatomic Elements Pre- AP Chemistry Chemical Quan44es: The Mole Mole SI unit of measurement that measures the amount of substance. A substance exists as representa9ve par9cles. Representa9ve par9cles can be atoms, molecules,

More information

AS1 MOLES. oxygen molecules have the formula O 2 the relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 so the molar mass will be 32g mol -1

AS1 MOLES. oxygen molecules have the formula O 2 the relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 so the molar mass will be 32g mol -1 Moles 1 MOLES The mole the standard unit of amount of a substance the number of particles in a mole is known as Avogadro s constant (L) Avogadro s constant has a value of 6.023 x 10 23 mol -1. Example

More information

Type: Single Date: Kinetic Theory of Gases. Homework: Read (14.1), Do CONCEPT Q. # (1), Do PROBLEMS # (2, 3, 5) Ch. 14

Type: Single Date: Kinetic Theory of Gases. Homework: Read (14.1), Do CONCEPT Q. # (1), Do PROBLEMS # (2, 3, 5) Ch. 14 Type: Single Date: Objective: Kinetic Theory of Gases Homework: Read (14.1), Do CONCEPT Q. # (1), Do PROBLEMS # (2, 3, 5) Ch. 14 AP Physics Mr. Mirro Kinetic Theory of Gases Date Unlike the condensed phases

More information

Getting the most from this book...4 About this book...5

Getting the most from this book...4 About this book...5 Contents Getting the most from this book...4 About this book....5 Content Guidance Topic 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table...8 Topic 2 Bonding and structure...14 Topic 2A Bonding....14 Topic 2B

More information

Chapter 6 Chemical Calculations

Chapter 6 Chemical Calculations Chapter 6 Chemical Calculations 1 Submicroscopic Macroscopic 2 Chapter Outline 1. Formula Masses (Ch 6.1) 2. Percent Composition (supplemental material) 3. The Mole & Avogadro s Number (Ch 6.2) 4. Molar

More information

What s in a Mole? Molar Mass

What s in a Mole? Molar Mass LESSON 10 What s in a Mole? Molar Mass OVERVIEW Key Ideas Lesson Type Lab: Groups of 4 Chemists compare moles of substances rather than masses because moles are a way of counting atoms. When considering

More information

Woods Chem-1 Lec-02 10-1 Atoms, Ions, Mole (std) Page 1 ATOMIC THEORY, MOLECULES, & IONS

Woods Chem-1 Lec-02 10-1 Atoms, Ions, Mole (std) Page 1 ATOMIC THEORY, MOLECULES, & IONS Woods Chem-1 Lec-02 10-1 Atoms, Ions, Mole (std) Page 1 ATOMIC THEORY, MOLECULES, & IONS Proton: A positively charged particle in the nucleus Atomic Number: We differentiate all elements by their number

More information

Balance the following equation: KClO 3 + C 12 H 22 O 11 KCl + CO 2 + H 2 O

Balance the following equation: KClO 3 + C 12 H 22 O 11 KCl + CO 2 + H 2 O Balance the following equation: KClO 3 + C 12 H 22 O 11 KCl + CO 2 + H 2 O Ans: 8 KClO 3 + C 12 H 22 O 11 8 KCl + 12 CO 2 + 11 H 2 O 3.2 Chemical Symbols at Different levels Chemical symbols represent

More information

Chapter 3! Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations. Stoichiometry

Chapter 3! Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations. Stoichiometry Chapter 3! : Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Anatomy of a Chemical Equation CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O (g) Anatomy of a Chemical Equation CH 4 (g) + 2 O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2

More information

TOPIC 7. CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS I - atomic and formula weights.

TOPIC 7. CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS I - atomic and formula weights. TOPIC 7. CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS I - atomic and formula weights. Atomic structure revisited. In Topic 2, atoms were described as ranging from the simplest atom, H, containing a single proton and usually

More information

W1 WORKSHOP ON STOICHIOMETRY

W1 WORKSHOP ON STOICHIOMETRY INTRODUCTION W1 WORKSHOP ON STOICHIOMETRY These notes and exercises are designed to introduce you to the basic concepts required to understand a chemical formula or equation. Relative atomic masses of

More information

Chem 31 Fall 2002. Chapter 3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

Chem 31 Fall 2002. Chapter 3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations Chem 31 Fall 2002 Chapter 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 1. Write Equation in Words -you cannot write an equation unless you

More information

CHAPTER 3 MASS RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CHAPTER 3 MASS RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS CHAPTER 3 MASS RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS This chapter reviews the mole concept, balancing chemical equations, and stoichiometry. The topics covered in this chapter are: Atomic mass and average

More information

Amount of Substance. http://www.avogadro.co.uk/definitions/elemcompmix.htm

Amount of Substance. http://www.avogadro.co.uk/definitions/elemcompmix.htm Page 1 of 14 Amount of Substance Key terms in this chapter are: Element Compound Mixture Atom Molecule Ion Relative Atomic Mass Avogadro constant Mole Isotope Relative Isotopic Mass Relative Molecular

More information

U3-LM2B-WS Molar Mass and Conversions

U3-LM2B-WS Molar Mass and Conversions U3-LM2B-WS Molar Mass and Conversions Name: KEY 1. The molar mass of chlorine is: 2 x 35.45 g/mol Cl = 70.90 g/mol Cl 2 (Remember that chlorine exists as a diatomic molecule in nature) 2. The molar mass

More information

Lecture 3: (Lec3A) Atomic Theory

Lecture 3: (Lec3A) Atomic Theory Lecture 3: (Lec3A) Atomic Theory Mass of Atoms Sections (Zumdahl 6 th Edition) 3.1-3.4 The Concept of the Mole Outline: The mass of a mole of atoms and the mass of a mole of molecules The composition of

More information

Chapter 5, Calculations and the Chemical Equation

Chapter 5, Calculations and the Chemical Equation 1. How many iron atoms are present in one mole of iron? Ans. 6.02 1023 atoms 2. How many grams of sulfur are found in 0.150 mol of sulfur? [Use atomic weight: S, 32.06 amu] Ans. 4.81 g 3. How many moles

More information

Unit 6 The Mole Concept

Unit 6 The Mole Concept Chemistry Form 3 Page 62 Ms. R. Buttigieg Unit 6 The Mole Concept See Chemistry for You Chapter 28 pg. 352-363 See GCSE Chemistry Chapter 5 pg. 70-79 6.1 Relative atomic mass. The relative atomic mass

More information

CONSERVATION OF MASS During a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. - i. e. the number of atoms of each element remains constant

CONSERVATION OF MASS During a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. - i. e. the number of atoms of each element remains constant 1 CHEMICAL REACTINS Example: Hydrogen + xygen Water H + H + + - Note there is not enough hydrogen to react with oxygen - It is necessary to balance equation. reactants products + H + H (balanced equation)

More information

Stoichiometry Exploring a Student-Friendly Method of Problem Solving

Stoichiometry Exploring a Student-Friendly Method of Problem Solving Stoichiometry Exploring a Student-Friendly Method of Problem Solving Stoichiometry comes in two forms: composition and reaction. If the relationship in question is between the quantities of each element

More information

EXPERIMENT 12: Empirical Formula of a Compound

EXPERIMENT 12: Empirical Formula of a Compound EXPERIMENT 12: Empirical Formula of a Compound INTRODUCTION Chemical formulas indicate the composition of compounds. A formula that gives only the simplest ratio of the relative number of atoms in a compound

More information

THE MOLE / COUNTING IN CHEMISTRY

THE MOLE / COUNTING IN CHEMISTRY 1 THE MOLE / COUNTING IN CHEMISTRY ***A mole is 6.0 x 10 items.*** 1 mole = 6.0 x 10 items 1 mole = 60, 00, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 items Analogy #1 1 dozen = 1 items 18 eggs = 1.5 dz. - to convert

More information

Calculating Atoms, Ions, or Molecules Using Moles

Calculating Atoms, Ions, or Molecules Using Moles TEKS REVIEW 8B Calculating Atoms, Ions, or Molecules Using Moles TEKS 8B READINESS Use the mole concept to calculate the number of atoms, ions, or molecules in a sample TEKS_TXT of material. Vocabulary

More information

Chapter Three: STOICHIOMETRY

Chapter Three: STOICHIOMETRY p70 Chapter Three: STOICHIOMETRY Contents p76 Stoichiometry - The study of quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions. p70 3-1 Counting by Weighing 3-2 Atomic Masses p78 Mass Mass

More information

Chapter 1 The Atomic Nature of Matter

Chapter 1 The Atomic Nature of Matter Chapter 1 The Atomic Nature of Matter 6. Substances that cannot be decomposed into two or more simpler substances by chemical means are called a. pure substances. b. compounds. c. molecules. d. elements.

More information

Concept 1. The meaning and usefulness of the mole. The mole (or mol) represents a certain number of objects.

Concept 1. The meaning and usefulness of the mole. The mole (or mol) represents a certain number of objects. Chapter 3. Stoichiometry: Mole-Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Concept 1. The meaning and usefulness of the mole The mole (or mol) represents a certain number of objects. SI def.: the amount of

More information

KEY for Unit 1 Your Chemical Toolbox: Scientific Concepts, Fundamentals of Typical Calculations, the Atom and Much More

KEY for Unit 1 Your Chemical Toolbox: Scientific Concepts, Fundamentals of Typical Calculations, the Atom and Much More KEY for Unit 1 Your Chemical Toolbox: Scientific Concepts, Fundamentals of Typical Calculations, the Atom and Much More The Modern Periodic Table The Periodic Law - when elements are arranged according

More information

CH3 Stoichiometry. The violent chemical reaction of bromine and phosphorus. P.76

CH3 Stoichiometry. The violent chemical reaction of bromine and phosphorus. P.76 CH3 Stoichiometry The violent chemical reaction of bromine and phosphorus. P.76 Contents 3.1 Counting by Weighing 3.2 Atomic Masses 3.3 The Mole 3.4 Molar Mass 3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds 3.6

More information

Unit 2: Quantities in Chemistry

Unit 2: Quantities in Chemistry Mass, Moles, & Molar Mass Relative quantities of isotopes in a natural occurring element (%) E.g. Carbon has 2 isotopes C-12 and C-13. Of Carbon s two isotopes, there is 98.9% C-12 and 11.1% C-13. Find

More information

Atomic Mass/Molar Mass, Percent Composition, & Empirical and Molecular Formula

Atomic Mass/Molar Mass, Percent Composition, & Empirical and Molecular Formula Name AP Chemistry Atomic Mass/Molar Mass, Percent Composition, & Empirical and Molecular Formula Atomic Mass/Molar Mass The mass for an element reported on the Periodic Table is the average mass of all

More information

CHEMICAL FORMULA COEFFICIENTS AND SUBSCRIPTS. Chapter 3: Molecular analysis 3O 2 2O 3

CHEMICAL FORMULA COEFFICIENTS AND SUBSCRIPTS. Chapter 3: Molecular analysis 3O 2 2O 3 Chapter 3: Molecular analysis Read: BLB 3.3 3.5 H W : BLB 3:21a, c, e, f, 25, 29, 37,49, 51, 53 Supplemental 3:1 8 CHEMICAL FORMULA Formula that gives the TOTAL number of elements in a molecule or formula

More information

Formulae, stoichiometry and the mole concept

Formulae, stoichiometry and the mole concept 3 Formulae, stoichiometry and the mole concept Content 3.1 Symbols, Formulae and Chemical equations 3.2 Concept of Relative Mass 3.3 Mole Concept and Stoichiometry Learning Outcomes Candidates should be

More information

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Introduction to Chemistry Exam 2 Practice Problems 1 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1.Atoms consist principally of what three

More information

Multiple Choice questions (one answer correct)

Multiple Choice questions (one answer correct) Mole Concept Multiple Choice questions (one answer correct) (1) Avogadro s number represents the number of atoms in (a) 12g of C 12 (b) 320g of sulphur (c) 32g of oxygen (d) 12.7g of iodine (2) The number

More information

Simple vs. True. Simple vs. True. Calculating Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Simple vs. True. Simple vs. True. Calculating Empirical and Molecular Formulas Calculating Empirical and Molecular Formulas Formula writing is a key component for success in chemistry. How do scientists really know what the true formula for a compound might be? In this lesson we

More information

SYMBOLS, FORMULAS AND MOLAR MASSES

SYMBOLS, FORMULAS AND MOLAR MASSES SYMBOLS, FORMULAS AND MOLAR MASSES OBJECTIVES 1. To correctly write and interpret chemical formulas 2. To calculate molecular weights from chemical formulas 3. To calculate moles from grams using chemical

More information

Chapter 3. Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Chapter 3. Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions This chapter uses the concepts of conservation of mass to assist the student in gaining an understanding of chemical changes. Upon completion of Chapter

More information

A 1.008 g sample of H contains 6.0221415 x 10 23 H atoms.

A 1.008 g sample of H contains 6.0221415 x 10 23 H atoms. 7 Chemical Composition 7. Avogadro s umber n 8, the talian scientist, Amadeo Avogadro proposed that: Equal volumes of gas at equal temperatures and pressures have the same number of particles. This law,

More information

IB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review

IB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount

More information

MASS RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

MASS RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS MASS RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS 1. The mole, Avogadro s number and molar mass of an element. Molecular mass (molecular weight) 3. Percent composition of compounds 4. Empirical and Molecular formulas

More information

MOLES AND MOLE CALCULATIONS

MOLES AND MOLE CALCULATIONS 35 MOLES ND MOLE CLCULTIONS INTRODUCTION The purpose of this section is to present some methods for calculating both how much of each reactant is used in a chemical reaction, and how much of each product

More information

Molar Mass Worksheet Answer Key

Molar Mass Worksheet Answer Key Molar Mass Worksheet Answer Key Calculate the molar masses of the following chemicals: 1) Cl 2 71 g/mol 2) KOH 56.1 g/mol 3) BeCl 2 80 g/mol 4) FeCl 3 162.3 g/mol 5) BF 3 67.8 g/mol 6) CCl 2 F 2 121 g/mol

More information

Chapter 8 How to Do Chemical Calculations

Chapter 8 How to Do Chemical Calculations Chapter 8 How to Do Chemical Calculations Chemistry is both a qualitative and a quantitative science. In the laboratory, it is important to be able to measure quantities of chemical substances and, as

More information

Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations

Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Chapter 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Concept Check 3.1 You have 1.5 moles of tricycles. a. How many moles of seats do you have? b. How many moles of tires do you have? c. How could

More information

Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations

Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations sil07204_ch03_69-107 8/22/05 15:16 Page 69 CHAPTER THREE Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations Key Principles The mole (mol) is the standard unit for amount of substance and consists of Avogadro s number

More information

CHEM 120 Online: Chapter 6 Sample problems Date: 2. Which of the following compounds has the largest formula mass? A) H2O B) NH3 C) CO D) BeH2

CHEM 120 Online: Chapter 6 Sample problems Date: 2. Which of the following compounds has the largest formula mass? A) H2O B) NH3 C) CO D) BeH2 CHEM 120 Online: Chapter 6 Sample problems Date: 1. To determine the formula mass of a compound you should A) add up the atomic masses of all the atoms present. B) add up the atomic masses of all the atoms

More information