Using Active Experiments to SEE and HEAR the Ionosphere

Transcription

1 Using Active Experiments to SEE and HEAR the Ionosphere Paul A. Bernhardt Plasma Physics Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC Plus Major Contributors CEDAR Prize Lecture Boulder, Colorado 22 June 2010

2 Remote Sensing with Active Experiments Active Experiments Chemical Releases High Power Radio Waves Enhanced Ionospheric Measurements Sporadic-E Layers Standard Techniques: Radar Backscatter, Radio Sounding, TMA Trails, Tomography Active Techniques Heater Excited Airglow Radiation (HEAR) Rocket Exhaust Seeding of Irregularities Equatorial Irregularities Standard Techniques: Airglow, Backscatter and Incoherent Scatter, Radio Beacons Active Techniques Chemically Induced Electron-Ion Recombination Artificially Enhanced Airglow Mid- and High-Latitude Density, Temperature, Composition, and Irregularities Standard Techniques: Backscatter Radar and Radio Scintillations Active Technique Field Aligned Irregularity Glow with HF Excitation Enhanced Backscatter with Hypersonic Exhaust Interactions Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions (SEE) Plasma Wave Generation and Propagation MHD Waves from Space Shuttle OMS Burn Ion Acoustic Wave Turbulence from Streaming Exhaust

3 Chemicals Used in High Altitude Release Experiments Purpose Materials Optical Emissions Fastest Rate Reaction Plasma Clouds: Photo-ionization Li, Na, Sr, Cs, Ba, Eu, U nm (Ba) nm (Ba + ) 0.05 s -1 (Ba) s -1 (Eu) Ba + hν Ba + + e s -1 (Li) Plasma Clouds: Associative Ionization Sm, La, Nd, Ti Molecular Bands of SmO (656 to 570 nm) 2 x (SmO) Sm + O SmO + + e ev Plasma Holes: Electron Attachment SF 6, CF 3 Br, Ni(CO) nm (SF 6 ) cm 3 /s (SF 6 ) SF 6 + e- SF 5- + F ev SF 5- + O + SF 5 + O* ev Plasma Holes: Ion- Molecule Charge Exchange H 2, H 2 0, CO nm (CO 2 ) cm -3 (H 2 0) H 2 O + O + H 2 O + + O H 2 O + + e - OH* + H Neutral Wind Tracer Al, NO, Na, Al(CH 3 ) 3, Fe(CO) 3, Ni(CO) 4 Molecular Bands of AlO (484, 508, 465, 534 nm) -- Al(CH 3 ) 3 + O AlO* +...

4 Space Shuttle OMS Engine Exhaust Parameters Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) Auroral Ionospheric Disturbances Flow Rate: 2.5 x Molecules per Second per Engine Exhaust Species Mole Fraction CO CO H H 2 O N Nonuniform Dual OMS Burn Symmetrical Dual OMS Burn in Daylight Single OMS Burn at Night

5 NRL-0402 SIMPLEX Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Localized Exhaust Experiment Concept Radar Diagnostics of Artificial Plasma Turbulence Dedicated Burns Scheduled Through DoD Space Test Program with NASA Johnson Spaceflight Center Objective: Investigate Plasma Turbulence Driven by Rocket Exhaust in the Ionosphere Using Ground Based Radars Remote Sensing of Exhaust Flow Sources Understand Evolution of Ionospheric Disturbances Develop Quantitative Models of Plasma Turbulence Description: Fire OMS Engines Over Ground Diagnostic Radar Sites Radar Observatories Millstone Hill, Massachusetts Arecibo, Puerto Rico Kwajalein, Marshall Islands Jicamarca, Peru JORN, Australia Radar Data Enhanced Backscatter Radar Doppler Spectra Identification of Ion Beam Plasma Waves Radio Scintillations Optical Data Scattered Sunlight from Exhaust Particles Chemical Reaction Airglow

6 Plasma Physics Division Naval Research Laboratory Shuttle Exhaust Ion Turbulence Experiment (SEITE) SCIENCE ISSUES ADDRESSED Generation of Plasma Waves in Space Develop Technique for Artificial Irregularities Irregularity Generation Processes Wide Range of Radar Diagnostics Simulation of Natural Sources of Radio Scintillations Remote Sensing from Known Sources In Situ Sensors Concept Demonstration SEITE TECHNICAL APPROACH and OBJECTIVES Coordinate In Situ Observations with Satellites AFRL C/NOFS Canadian epop/cassiope Observe Strong Plasma Turbulence from Chemical Release Verify Models of Plasma Wave Generation Quantify Neutral Interaction Physics PROGRAM APPROACH and OBJECTIVES Validation of Concept with Shuttle Exhaust Ion Beam Experiments Ion Beam Excitation of Plasma Waves Comparison with SIMPLEX Radar Observations Funded Under NRL 6.1 Nonlinear Excitation of Space Plasmas (NESP) Program Deliverables: Science & Modeling; Engine Burn and Satellite Diagnostics Coordination; Data Analysis and Science Publications Manifested by DoD Space Test Program for Space Shuttle Flight Starting April 2008 Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC Contact: Paul Bernhardt, PI Phone: (202)

7 Wave and Airglow Generation by Chemical Releases: SIMPLEX Space Shuttle Exhaust High Speed Neutral Release Ion Beam Formation Unstable Velocity Distribution Plasma Wave Generation Application Orbit Velocity Charge Exchange with Ambient Ions Parallel to Geomagnetic Field Perpendicular to Geomagnetic Field Ion Acoustic Waves Lower Hybrid Waves Radar Scatter Electron- Molecular Ion Recombination Excited Atomic and Molecular States Artificial Airglow Optical Emissions

8 Past, Current and Future HF Ionospheric Modification Facilities Jicamarca Arecibo Conjugate

9 Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions, Radar Backscatter, Enhanced Plasma Waves and Artificial Aurora F-Region Ionosphere HF Receiver HF Receiver UHF Radar Camera HF Radar HAARP Transmitter

10 Ionospheric Modification with High Power Radio Waves Electron Temperature Elevation Plasma Pressure and Density Changes VLF Ducts and Conductivity Modification VLF Waveguides and VLF Generation High Power Electromagnetic Wave Beam Plasma Irregularity Formation Electrostatic Wave Generation Enhanced Radar Scatter Ion Line Low Frequency Waves Plasma Line Mode Conversion Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions Parametric Decay and Strong Turbulence High Frequency Waves Electron Acceleration Artificial Aurora

11 Active Studies of the E-Layer

12 Penetration of HF Waves Through a Patchy Sporadic- E Layer Ionogram Sporadic Reflection Altitude (km) Ionospheric Reflection Radio Waves Overdense Patches West (km) Ionosonde F-Layer E-Layer North (km)

13 Sporadic-E and Intermediate Layers Arecibo, 7 May 1983 Sporadic E-Layers Near km Variable Density Tied to Wind Shears Theories on E-Layer Patches K-H Turbulence Plasma Instabilities Gravity Waves Intermediate Layers Near Sunset Break-Off from F-layer Descend to a Stable Altitude Above Strong E-Region

14 Tri-Methyl Aluminum (TMA) Trail for Determination of Wind Shears SEEK I Meridional Wind (m/s) Zonal Wind (m/s) Image and Data Courtesy M.F. Larsen, Clemson

15 Quasi-periodic Echoes -- (SEEK-2) Rocket/Radar Campaign in Japan Neutral Wind trail reveals Kelvin-Helmholtz whorls. Electric fields reveal quasi-periodic structures. (Pfaff et al., 2005) Radar echoes show quasi-periodic patterns (Saito et al., 2005)

16 Tomographic Study of E-Region Irregularities Altitude (km) E-Region SEEK2 Trajectories Receivers Radio Beacon Detection of E-layer Structures Tomographic Analysis of Data Using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) Algorithm Altitude (km) Slant Total Electron Content (10 16 m -2 ) SEEK2 Radio Beacon Data, August Takazaki Uchinoura Tarumizu Time After Launch of S Rocket (seconds) E-Region Density Reconstruction Horizontal Range (km)

17 Geometry for HF OTHR Scatter Experiment with the Launch of STS-118 Transmitter Receiver Launch Site Chesapeake Virginia 1050 km Range to Launch Azimuth to Launch 167 ±50 Azimuth Target Illumination Fort Stewart Georgia 402 km Range to Launch Azimuth to Launch 165 ±50 Azimuth Target Viewing Cape Canaveral Florida 0 km Range to Launch

18 Solid Rocket and Main Engine Burns of Space Shuttle Endeavor for STS s 300 s Enhanced HF Scatter Main Engine Burn 400 s 500 s E-Layer Altitude 100 s Solid Rocket Motor Burn

19 Beam Left of Boresight Showing the Ionospheric Scatter from Rocket Transiting E-layer at 22:36:26 on 8 August Time After Launch (s)

20 F-Layer and Overdense Intermediate Layer Arecibo IRS Data, 23 Jan 1998 (FTD) Modified F-Layer Near 340 km Altitude Descending Layer Sporadic-E Layer Near 120 km Altitude

21 HF Electromagnetic Waves Interacting with a Plasma Density Enhancement O-Mode Reflection O-Mode Conversion References: Bernhardt et al., J. Geophys. Res., (108), , Gondarenko et al., J. Geophys. Res., (108), , 2003.

22 Two Color (Red/Green) Composite Image of Radio Induced Aurora Arecibo, Puerto Rico 23 January 1998 F-Layer at 260 km Altitude F-Layer at 260 km Altitude E s Irregularity at 120 km Altitude E s Irregularity at 120 km Altitude 02:38 UT 02:41 UT

23 Arecibo HF Facility Antenna Gain at MHz Giving 220 MegaWatts ERP Available Starting January 2011

24 Field Line Connecting Arecibo and Argentina 4eV Electron Velocity = m/s Field Line Distance = m 4 ev Electron Free Streaming Transit Time = 8 s Pulsed Heating Yields Transit Time for Suprathermal Electrons Between Hemispheres HF Source of Suprathermal Electrons

25 Active Studies of the Equatorial Ionosphere

26 Simulations of Radio Scintillations and Optical Intensities Electron Density 630 nm Volume Emission Altitude (km) 10 6 cm cm cm -3 s MHz Scintillation Index 400 MHz Scintillation Index Horizontal Range (km) 630 nm Red-Line Intensity

27 Combining Radio Scintillations and Plasma Bubble Images Source: Ledvina, B. M., and J. J. Makela, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 2005

28 0 C/NOFS 3 May 2008CERTO Beacon Signals, Roi Namur, 3 May 2008 Relative Power (db) UT (Hours) 400 ALTAIR Radar Bubble Mapping 3 May 2008 Altitude (km) Zonal West-East Distance (km)

29 SIMPLEX Burn Viewed from Kwajalein 25 July 1999 B Radar 58.7 Elevation Azimuth 52.5 Latitude ( N) Orbit Burn Longitude ( E)

30 STS-93 Burn, Kwajalein, 25 July 1999 Single Engine OMS 10 s Burn Start 05:49:01 UT(18:49:01 Local Time) Altair Radar Pointing: Azimuth, 58.7 Elevation Burn Altitude = 292 km, Range to Burn = 342 km 800 Expected Region of Turbulent Scatter Range (km) Altitude (km) Log 10 (SNR) 200 Burn Burn Shuttle Shuttle Echo Echo Shuttle Orbit :48 05:54 06:00 06:06 06:12 06:18 06:24 06:30 Time (UT) 2

31 GPS Pierce Point Trajectories for the Hours after the STS-93 SIMPLEX Burn Over Kwajalein

32 GPS TEC from Kwajalein Receiver for 4 Hours after the STS-93 SIMPLEX Burn Over Kwajalein GPS TEC Disturbances

33 GPS TEC from Samoa Receiver for the Hours after the STS-93 SIMPLEX Burn Over Kwajalein

34 SIMPLEX K3 SIMPLEX K3 STS 122 OMS Burn - 08 February :43 UT (23:53 LT) Spread-F Event ALTAIR not available N E For Official Use Only (FOUO

35 SIMPLEX K3 SIMPLEX K3 STS 122 OMS Burn - 08 February :43 UT (23:53 LT) Spread-F Event ALTAIR not available Region of enhanced airglow somewhat bound by existing ionospheric structure N E For Official Use Only (FOUO

36 SIMPLEX K3 Kwajalein Atoll 12:45:05 UT 5577 Å Kwajalein Atoll 12:44:03 UT 6300 Å ~10km Wide Field Aligned Irregularities Structure in nm observations

37 Mid- and High-Latitude F-Region Irregularities

38 NRL SIMPLEX-5 Burn on STS-119, 27 March 2009 Experiment Planning and Sensor Coordination DSMC Simulation -75 HF Radar Backscatter Ne (m-3) Altitude (km) UHF Radar Thompson Scatter Time (UTH)

39 Artificial Aurora Experiments High Latitude Artificial Aurora Artificial Aurora with NRL PPD Imager Not Visible with Unaided Eye Primarily Red-Line and Green-Line Emissions Maximum Optical Emissions with HF Beam Aligned with Geomagnetic (B) Field Illumination of Natural Field Aligned Irregularities

40 Drifting Irregularities View Using Artificially Generated Optical Emissions Excited by HAARP HAARP antenna beam pointed at magnetic zenith (240 Az, 85 Elev) Narrow field of view camera at HIPAS (300 km NW of HAARP Facility). Narrowband filter at 630 nm Natural Field Aligned Irregularities Modulate Artificial Aurora Electron Acceleration Along B

41 Plasma Wave Generation

42 Coupled Wave Equations Driven by Large Pump Electric Fields Electromagnetic Pump Wave (ω P ) Scattered Electromagnetic Wave (ω S ) Low Frequency Ion Velocity Waves (ω L ) Ion Acoustic/Slow Magnetosonic Electrostatic Ion Cyclotron) where E = E + E T P S Result: Parametric Decay Instability ω = ω + ω k P P S = k + k S L L

43 ES and EM Wave Generation Loss EM Pump Wave Optional Mode Conversion Loss High Power EM or ES Wave Parametric Decay Low Frequency ES Wave Wave EM Pump Low Frequency Electromagnetic Low Frequency Electrostatic High Frequency Electromagnetic Examples Transverse to B O-Mode, X-Mode Magnetosonic Lower Hybrid Ion Acoustic Ion Bernstein O-Mode, X-Mode Examples Quasi-Parallel to B L-Mode, R-Mode Alfven Whistler Slow Magnetosonic Ion Cyclotron Ion Acoustic L-Mode, R-Mode Loss High Frequency EM or ES Wave Optional Mode Conversion Possible Mode Conversion? Low Frequency EM Wave High Frequency Electrostatic Upper Hybrid Electron Cyclotron Electron Bernstein Electron Plasma Received EM Wave

44 Pairs of Waves Produced by Parametric Decay of Strong Pump Waves Daughter Wave #2 Daughter Wave #1 EM EP UH EB IA EIC LH IB W ZFE ZFI FAI Electromagnetic (EM) EM EM Electron Plasma (EP) EM/EP Upper Hybrid (UH) UH EM Electron Bernstein (EB) EB EM Ion Acoustic (IA) Electrostatic Ion Cyclotron (EIC) Lower Hybrid (LH) Ion Bernstein (IB) Magnetosonic (M) Zero Frequency Electron (ZFE) EM Zero Frequency Ion (ZFI) Field Aligned Irregularities (FAI)

45 Waves in a Fluid Plasma for Oblique Propagation HRad s - 1L WaveFrequency Alfven R-X L-O L-X Whistler Magnetosonic Propagation Angle 45. Degrees Electromagnetic Electrostatic Ion Cyclotron 1L Wave Number HRad m - Slow Magnetosonic Electron Plasma Electron Cyclotron Ion Acoustic Electron Sound Ion Cyclotron Ω = ω e e i e pe i 6 (2 π ) Rad / s 6 2 e / (2 π) / = = 2500K = 800K VA = m/ s cs = 1590 m/ s ρe = m ρ = 3.64 m i = Ω Rad s = Rad s 6 ωuh = (2 π) Rad / s ωlh = (2 π) 7460 Rad / s Ω = (2 π ) 48.7 Rad / s n T T Plasma Wave Mode Characteristic Branches for Typical Ionospheric Parameters m

46 X-Mode O-Mode Z-Mode Magnetosonic EM Light Electron Bernstein Upper Hybrid Lower Hybrid Ion Bernstein Ion Sound θ = π 2 Electron Sound Plasma Waves for Normal Propagation Ω e = ω = 2 Ω pe 0 6 (2 π ) Rad / 6 = (2 π ) Rad / s 6 ωuh = (2 π) Rad / s ωlh = (2 π) 7460 Rad / s Ω = (2 π ) 48.7 Rad / s B n T T e e i i = = = 2500K = 800K VA = m/ s cs = 1590 m/ s ρe = m ρ = 3.64 m i e T m s

47 Parametric Decay Instabilities and Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions Parent Wave 0 Electromagnetic Wave Electron Plasma Wave Electromagnetic Wave Electromagnetic Wave Electromagnetic Wave Electromagnetic Wave Daughter Wave 1 Electron Plasma Wave Electron Plasma Wave Electron Plasma Wave Electromagnetic Wave Electron Plasma Wave Electromagnetic Wave Daughter Wave 2 Ion Acoustic Wave Ion Acoustic Wave Zero Frequency Ion Wave Ion Acoustic Wave Electron Plasma Wave Electron Plasma Wave Instability Name Parametric Decay Electron Decay Oscillating Two-Stream Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Two-Plasmon Decay Stimulated Raman Scattering Observed for HF Yes Radar/SEE Yes Radar/SEE Yes Radar/SEE Yes SEE No No Upper Hybrid Wave Upper Hybrid Wave Lower Hybrid Wave Lower-Hybrid Decay Yes SEE Electron Plasma Wave Electron Plasma Wave Electrostatic Ion Cyclotron Wave Stimulated EIC Brillouin Scatter Yes Radar/SEE Electron Bernstein Wave Electron Bernstein Wave Ion Bernstein Wave Electron Bernstein Decay Yes SEE

48 HAARP Instrument Experiments with the PERCS PERCS Orbit HAARP HF Beam HAARP Facility epop Orbit HAARP Antenna Array PERCS Operational Utility Absolute Calibration of HAARP Antenna Pattern from 2.8 to 10 MHz Precise Measurements of Performance for HF Radars that Support HAARP

49 f plasma ~ f pump In Situ Measurements by NRL IFH Rocket Reference: Rodriguez, P., C.L. Siefring, P.A. Bernhardt, D.G. Haas, and M.M. Baumback, Frequency-shifted signature of the HF pump in the ionospheric focused heating experiment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, , Electron Density Cavities High Frequency Wave Spectrum Low Frequency Wave Spectrum

50 Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions (SEE) SEE Generation by High Power Radio Waves Mode Conversion on Field Aligned Irregularities Parametric Decay of Strong Wave to Two Modes Ionospheric Measurements by Low Frequency SEE Stimulated Brillouin of Ion Acoustic Waves Electron Temperature Stimulated Brillouin of Electrostatic Ion Cyclotron Waves Ion Mass Stimulated Ion Bernstein Waves Electron Acceleration Resonance

51 Upper Hybrid and Lower Hybrid Wave Generation is Complex LH1 EM1 FAI UH1 LH2 UH2 FAI EM2 DM1 UH3 FAI EM3 DM2

52 SEE Observations Near the Third Electron Gyro Harmonic SIERRA Site: Glennallen, AK, 20 March Pump Relative Power (db) In Situ Source: Upper Hybrid Waves 3DM 2DM DM UM BUM In Situ Source: Electron Bernstein Modes Frequency (MHz)

53 Stimulated Brillouin Scatter with Ion Acoustic Wave Generation is Simple IA1 B EM1 θ = 0 EM2 SBS Hz -120 Hz 120 Hz 180 Hz SBS-1 f IA1 Pump

54 Brillouin Scattering of the 4.5 MHz HAARP Vertical Beam in the Ionosphere B

55 Determination of Electron Temperature at UH Resonance Altitude Assumptions T e 3 T i Ω e, Ω i known ω 0 = (ω p + Ω e ) 1/2 Ion Acoustic Speed QL Solution T e c = ( γ γete+ γiti = where γ = 1 and γ = 3 m IA e i i e 2 2 mic ωia + γ / 3)4Ω i e ω 0 Ω 2 i Time (UT) Line f IA (Hz) C IA (m/s) Te (K) 2 2 Ωi ω0 2 2 Cos θ ω 24 October 2008 SBS :48 SBS+2 ω0 + ΩeCosθ ω Cosθ + Ω SBS :58 e SBS

56 SBS with EIC Generation Yields Ion Mass B θ f EIC-1 f IA-1 m i = e B/f EIC = m[o + ] Azimuth 16.3 Zenith Offset Frequency (Hz) f EIC-1 f IA Hz -120 Hz 120 Hz 180 Hz Radio Beam Angel with B (θ)

57 Electrostatic Ion Cyclotron Waves Excitation by at 2 nd Electron Gyro Harmonic Ion Cyclotron Frequency = 48.6 Hz 40 db On/Off Fluctuations in Amplitude Only Observed Oblique Pointing Angle Search for Narrowband Ground ELF Signal 184 Azimuth, 23 Zenith Azimuth, 8 Zenith Azimuth 16.3 Zenith

58 Stimulated Ion Bernstein (SIB) Generation by Tuning to the Second Electron Gyro Frequency IB 1 IB 2 IB 3 EM 0 EB 0 FAI FAI EB 1 EB 2 FAI EB 3 FAI EM 1 SIB1 EM 2 SIB2 EM 3 SIB3

59

60 Electron Acceleration, ES and EM Wave Generation Loss EM Pump Wave Optional Mode Conversion Loss High Power EM or ES Wave Parametric Decay Low Frequency ES Wave Resonant Electron Acceleration O+ e * O* + e O* O+ hν (630 nm, nm) Loss High Frequency EM or ES Wave Optional Mode Conversion Possible Mode Conversion? Low Frequency EM Wave Airglow Production Received EM Wave

61 Electron Cyclotron Resonance at Twice the Electron Gyro Frequency E = E 0 Sin(k x x-ω 0 t) y λ 0 Resonance Conditions ω 0 = 2 Ω ce E v e e - Ω ce t = 0 ρ e B λ 0 = 4 ρ e Ω ce t = π e - E v e

62 HAARP Enhanced Airglow, Todd Pedersen, AFRL

63 Recent Measurements of Artificial Electrostatic Waves in the Ionosphere Electrostatic Waves Generated By High Power Radio Waves. Stimulated Low Hybrid Waves Common Stimulated Brillouin Scatter (SBS) is the strongest SEE Mode Sometimes SBS Emissions is Stronger than HF Pump Return SBS by Overdense High-Power HF in the Ionosphere Discovered by Norin et al. [PRL, 2009] in February This work published by Bernhardt et al., Annales Geophysicae, SBS Produces Extremely Strong SEE Emissions up to 10 db Below the HF Pump Return SBS Comes from Both the Reflection Region and the UH Resonance Height The SBS Ion Acoustic Frequency Offset from the Pump Frequency Electron Temperature Measurements from the UH Resonance Region Validation Possible with ISR Measurements of Te at EISCAT or Arecibo Heating Sites The SBS Electrostatic Ion Cyclotron Frequency Precisely at Ion Gyro Frequency Provides Measurement of Ionospheric Ion Composition Paper Just Published [PRL, 2010]. Stimulated Ion Bernstein Scatter Discovery First SEE Observations at HAARP Slight Offsets from Ion Cyclotron Frequency Harmonics Many Modes with Unknown Origin Provides Links to Artificial Airglow Generation

64 Endeavour to CNOFS Exhaust to CNOFS 226 km Separation 87 km 9 km CNOFS Orbit Endeavour Orbit OMS Burn for the STS-127 Conjunction with CNOFS

65 STS-127 OMS Burn Observed by C/NOFS Burn Start End

66 MHD Waves Excited by Rocket Burns Magnetized Plasma Driven by a Neutral Pulse n + t nkt t n 0 ξ v = 0, = t γkt 0 n t v ( nkt ) v, = t n m = 0, E + v B 0 0 B = 0, t Three Waves Slow Magnetosonic or Sound: Σ = ξ b Alfven: Σ = ( ξ) b Wave Equations 1 Fast Magnetosonic: Σ = ξ 2 Σ0 Σ0 2 ν 2 i CS 2 νin n t + = Σ b+ v b t 2 Σ1 Σ1 2 ν 2 i CA 1 νin n t 2 + = ( Σ b) b+ ( v ) b t 0 i ( B ) B + µ n m = E, B 2 Σ2 Σ ν [( ) 2 i = CA + CS Σ2 CA Σ0 b] + νin vn t t 0 0 i 0 0 = + ν B 0 in b ( v n v )

67 STS-129 OMS Burn Observed by C/NOFS Burn Start End

68 Conclusions Active Experiments Can Illuminate the Physics of the Ionosphere High Power Radio Waves Excite Optical and Radio Emissions Irregularities Images Ion Composition Measurements Ion Sound Speed and Plasma Temperature Determination Conditions for Resonant Acceleration of Electrons Rocket Exhaust is a Remote Sensing Tool Enhance Glow from Plasma Irregularities Triggering of Instabilities Ion Beams Small Scale Field Aligned Irregularities Large Scale Plasma Bubbles Stimulation of Plasma Wave Modes MHD Waves for Large Distance Propagation Local Enhancements in Plasma Wave Turbulence Active Experiments Complement Passive Remote Sensing Tools