From Quantum to Matter 2006
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1 From Quantum to Matter 006 Why such a course? Ronald Griessen Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam AMOLF, May 4, 004 vrije Universiteit amsterdam Why study quantum mechanics? From Quantum to Matter: The main themes Wave functions Molecules Atoms Solids Liquids Books and Lecturers, but ONE idea From Quantum to Matter:The Physics Cees Gooijer Ronald Griessen Quantum physics in every day life Light behaving like particles Particles behaving like waves The Schrödinger equation Ronald Griessen Particle in a box Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam The hydrogen atom Many electron atoms The Periodic System AMOLF, May 4, 004
2 From Quantum to Matter:The Physics From Quantum to Matter: The course AMOLF, May 4, 004 Intermolecular forces Crystal structures Metals Semiconductors Insulators Amorphous solids Liquids x lectures per week tutorial per week Study at home / of final mark Q05/M4/C / of final mark 5 Studentassistenten Tjaart Krueger [email protected] Sven de Man [email protected] Jetze Sikkema [email protected] Ronald Griessen Vrije Anna Universiteit, Wegloop Amsterdam [email protected] Willem-Jan van Zeist [email protected] AMOLF, May 4, Mentoren Joost van Barneveld [email protected] Tomek van de Watering [email protected] Enak van Essen [email protected] Anton Koers [email protected] Max Ongering Ronald [email protected] Griessen Vrije Loes Universiteit, Scheffers Amsterdam [email protected] Harriet Mulders [email protected] Hans Harms AMOLF, [email protected] May 4, 004 (n&s) (n&s) (sch) (sch) (sch) (mnw) (mnw) (mnw) Indeling studenten 006
3 Quantum Physics in everyday Life Hot Steel and Pyrometer Ronald Griessen Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam AMOLF, May 4, 004 vrije Universiteit amsterdam The energy of photons is quantized E = hν = hω deω ω = dω π c e hω hω k B T x Quantum Physics Electron tunneling Heisenberg s uncertainty principle Spin of the electron p x h + V ( x) p = mv h Ψ m x Ψ = ih t Electron tunneling Heisenberg s uncertainty principle
4 Electron tunneling Most elements are metals The Periodic Table of the Elements Group Period H Li Na 9 K 7 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be Mg 0 Ca 8 Sr 5 B 6 C 4 Al Si Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge 9 Y Zr Nb Mo 56 Ba * La Hf Ta 88 Ra ** METALS Tc Ru Rh Pd W Re Os Ir Pt NON-METALS Ag Cd Au Hg 7 N 5 P 8 O 6 S 4 As Se In Sn Sb Te Tl Pb Bi 84 Po He 9 0 F Ne 7 8 Cl Ar 5 6 Br Kr 5 54 I Xe At Rn *Lanthanoids * Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er **Actinoids ** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md Tm Yb Yb 0 No Semiconductors Memory Chip Memory Chip+tunneling 4 atoms 4
5 Memory Chip+tunneling 4 atoms Bloch s theorem ikna Ψ x + na = e Ψ x n N k ( ) ( ) ; k Energy bands e µ S z m S z = ± h Spin of the electron Maxon mini-motor Permanent magnet Spin and the Pauli exclusion principle Permanent magnet Electrons do not like each other PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Why s s p 4? 5
6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnet Spins can save your life! Brain MRI Detail brain MRI How do you produce strong magnets? 6
7 Sometimes electrons form pairs Meissner effect Superconducting currents J=0 4 A/m Group Period H He Superconductivity is quite common The Periodic Table of the Elements Li Na 9 K 7 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be Mg 0 Ca 8 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra ** Sc 9 Y * 7 Lu Ti 40 Zr 7 Hf V 4 Nb 7 Ta 4 Cr 4 4 Mo Tc 74 W 5 6 Mn Fe 75 Re 44 Ru 76 Os 7 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 8 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 9 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 0 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 5 B Al Ga 49 In 8 Tl 6 C 4 Si 7 N 5 P Ge As 50 Sn 8 Pb 5 Sb 8 Bi 8 O 6 S 4 Se 5 Te 84 Po 9 F 7 Cl 5 Br 5 I 85 At 0 Ne 8 Ar 6 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnet *Lanthanoids * 57 La **Actinoids ** 89 Ac 58 Ce 90 Th 59 Pr 9 Pa 60 Nd 9 U Pm Sm Eu 9 Np 94 Pu Gd Tb Am Cm Bk 66 Dy 98 Cf 67 Ho 99 Es 68 Er 00 Fm Tm Yb 0 0 Md No Levitating super-trains Photons and electrons in biological systems 7
8 Photosynthesis oveview Photsynthesis antenna Photosynthesis oveview Electron transport Eye vision Retinal 8
9 Up side down thanks to London interaction Scanning tunneling microscope The principle The STM New photo STM Surface of Si Surface of Si with 7x7 reconstruction Br Induced Step Faceting of a Cu Surface 0-9 m The principle Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of DNA 0-6 m 0-6 m 9
10 Measuring the wave function of an electron Fe on Cu () Gallium-Nitride laser diode Solid state lasers Below threshold Above threshold That s all for today vrije Universiteit amsterdam 0
B I N G O B I N G O. Hf Cd Na Nb Lr. I Fl Fr Mo Si. Ho Bi Ce Eu Ac. Md Co P Pa Tc. Uut Rh K N. Sb At Md H. Bh Cm H Bi Es. Mo Uus Lu P F.
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