PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF A DI- DIESEL ENGINE A REVIEW

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 6, Issue 11, Nov 2015, pp , Article ID: IJMET_06_11_011 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF A DI- DIESEL ENGINE A REVIEW R.V.S Madhuri Asst. Professor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Lankapalli Bullaya College of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India P.V Rao A/Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India K.R.M Alekhya Asst. Professor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Dr. Lankapalli Bullaya College of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India A. Swarna Kumari Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUK, Kakinada, A.P, India ABSTRACT Straight vegetable oil (SVO) as an alternative fuel in engines is a statement of controversy since many years as SVO has conflicting results in emissions, performance of engines. Many factors are involved in evaluating the emissions and performance characteristics of engines running on SVO. This paper presents a review on studies published regarding SVO s with a focus on the physical and chemical properties and emission characteristics on different types of Diesel engines. A review is made considering different types of SVO s such as Jatropha, Karanja, Cottonseed, Tobacco seed, Karanja, Mahua, Rubber seed, Soap nut, Deccan hemp, Palm, Soya bean and Neem oils. Key words: Diesel Engine, Emissions, Properties, Performance, Straight vegetable oil (SVO) 89 editor@iaeme.com

2 R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumari Cite this Article: R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumarimar. Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of A Di-Diesel Engine A Review, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 6(11), 2015, pp INTRODUCTION The potential benefits of SVO such as low cost, low production rates, carbon neutrality, and low emissions than petroleum derived fuels made SVO an interesting subject of study as fuel. There are several sources of SVO. The review focuses on jatropha, cotton seed, tobacco seed, karanja, mahua, rubber seed, soap nut, deccan hemp, palm, soya bean and neem oils. The plants origin, features, climatic conditions in which they can grow, the percentage of yield of oil from seeds and the fatty composition of oil are discussed Jatropha The scientific name of jatropha plant is Jatropha curcas L. It grows as a small tree or large herbs, up to 5 7 m tall. The plant belongs to Euphorbiaceous family. It is a drought-resistant plant capable of surviving in abandoned and fallowed agricultural lands. The tropical plant is able to thrive in a number of climatic zones with rainfall of mm. The plant is native to Mexico, Central America, Africa, India, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina and Paraguay. It is well adapted in arid and semi-arid conditions and has low fertility and moisture demand. It can also grow on moderately saline, degraded and eroded soils. The ideal density of plants per hectare is It produces seeds after 12 months and reaches its maximum productivity by 5 years and can live years. Jatropha Seed (shown in fig1) production ranges from 0.1 ha /1 yr to more than 8 ha/1 yr depending on the soil conditions. Depending on variety, the seed of Jatropha contain 43 59% of oil [1]. Figure 1 Jatropha seeds 1.2. Karanja The scientific name of karanja is Pongamia pinnata L, Pierre (karanjaorhonge). karanja is a medium sized ever green tree belonging to the family Legumnosae and Pappilonaceae, more specifically the Millettieae tribe, which grows in Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia and has been successfully introduced to humid tropical regions of the world as well as parts of Australia, New Zealand, China and the USA. A single tree of karanja is said to yield 9 90 kg seeds, indicating a yield potential of kg seed/ ha (assuming 100 trees/ ha). It is one of the few nitrogen fixing trees that produce seeds with a significant oil content. The plant is fast 90 editor@iaeme.com

3 Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of A Di-Diesel Engine A Review growing, drought resistant, moderately frost, hardy and highly tolerant of salinity. It can be regenerated through direct sowing, transplanting and root or shoot cutting. Its maturity comes after 4-7 years. The karanja seed (shown in fig 2) oil content ranges between 30 and 40 wt% [1]. Figure 2 Karanja seeds [2] 1.3. Neem The Scientific name of neem tree is Azadirachtaindica and the tree belongs to the Meliaceae family. It is a multipurpose and an ever green tree, m tall, which can grow in almost all kinds of soil including clay, saline, alkaline, dry, stony, shallow soils and even on solid having high calcareous soil. It is native to India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia, Japan and the tropical regions of Australia. It thrives well in arid and semi-arid climate with maximum shade temperature as high as 49 0 C and the rainfall as low as 250 mm. It can be raised by directly sowing its seed or by transplanting nursery-raised seedlings in monsoon rains. It reaches maximum productivity after 15 years and has a life span of years. The productivity of neem oil mainly varies from 2 to 4tha/yr and a matured neem tree produces kg fruit. The neem seeds (shown in fig 3) contain wt% oil and Kernels contain 40 50% of an acrid green to brown colored oil [1]. Figure 3 Neem seeds 1.4. Rubber Heveabrasiliens is commonly referred to rubber tree. It belongs to the family Euphorbiaceous. This rubber tree originates from the Amazon rain forest (Brazil).The tree is the primary source of natural rubber and produces 99% of world s natural 91 editor@iaeme.com

4 R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumari rubber. Moreover, the trees sap-like extract (known as latex) can be collected and used in various applications. It is distributed mainly in Indonesia, Malaysia, Liberia, India, Srilanka, Sarawak, and Thailand, growing up to 34 minimum heights, the tree requires heavy rainfall and produces seeds weighing from 2 to 4 gm that do not currently have any major industrial applications. On an average, a healthy tree can give about 500 go fuse full seeds during a normal year and this works out to an estimated availability of 150 kg of seeds per hectare. Generally 37% by weight of the seed is shell and the rest is kernel. Rubber seed (shown in fig 4) oil is a non-edible vegetable oil, which contain wt% oil and kernel contain wt% of brown color oil [1]. Figure 4 Rubber seeds [3] 1.5. Tobacco The scientific name of tobacco plant is Nicotianatabacum. Tobacco is a by- product that contains significant amount of oil 35 49% by weight with an estimated annual yield of 15,000 tons per year. It can be cultivated in more than 100 countries worldwide such as Macedonia, Turkey, South Serbia and wide spread in North and South America etc. The oil extracted from tobacco seed (shown in fig 5) is nonedible with physical, chemical and thermal properties that compare favorably with other vegetable oils and have the potentiality to be considered as a new feed stock for biodiesel production [1]. Figure 5 Tobacco seeds 1.6. Soap Nut The scientific name of Soap nut plant is Sapindusmukorossi and is generally found in tropical and subtropical climate areas and various parts of the world including Asia (the outer Himalaya of Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir), America and Europe. The plant grows very well in deep loamy soils and 92 editor@iaeme.com

5 Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of A Di-Diesel Engine A Review leached soils. Therefore, cultivation of soap nut in such soil avoids potential soil erosion. Soap nut seeds (shown in fig 6) contain 23% oil of which 92% is triglycerides [1]. Figure 6 Soap nuts 1.7. Mahua In the various Indian languages the tree is known under the names of mahua are Mahuda, Madhuka and scientifically in some of the older books, the tree is listed under the name of BassialatifoliaRoxb; in modern books, the name has been changed to Madhucaindica Gmel; it belongs to Sapotaceae Family. The tree is indigenous to Central India, Gujarat and along the Western Ghats, eastwards to Chota Nagpur. It is very commonly planted all over peninsular India. It is a large deciduous tree reaching 20 m in height with a spreading crown. Leaves are clustered near the ends of the branches, each 7-20 x 3-7 cm. Bio diesel from mahua seed is important because most of the states of India are tribal where it is abundantly found. The annual production of mahua seed (shown in fig 7) was greater than 2 mt of which mahua is nearly 181 kt. [1]. Figure 7 Mahua seeds 93 editor@iaeme.com

6 R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumari 1.8. Deccan Hemp Deccan hemp or Kenaf scientifically Hibiscuscannabinus, is a plant in the Malvaceae family. The plant is probably native to southern Asia, though its exact natural origin is unknown. The name also applies to the fiber obtained from this plant. Kenaf is one of the allied fibers of jute and shows similar characteristics. Deccan hemp seeds (shown in fig 8) oil yields 305 kg oil/ha/year. It is a tree growing to m tall with a woody base. The stems are 1-2 cm diameter, often but not always branched. Kenaf has a long history of cultivation for its fiber in India, Bangladesh, Thailand, parts of Africa, and to a small extent in southeast Europe [1]. Figure 8 Deccan hemp seeds 1.9. Palm The Arecaceae are a botanical family of perennial lianas, shrubs, and trees commonly known as palm trees. They are flowering plants most of them restricted to tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates. The palm trees grow 10 to 15 m in height. Its life time is for years and palm seeds (shown in fig 9) gives an oil yield of 3-5 tons per hectare [1]. Palm oil is different from pal kernel oil. Palm oil is red in color where as palm kernel oil is not in red color as it is deficient of ceratone content. Figure 9 Palm seeds Cotton The scientific name of Cotton plant is Gossypium arboretum. Cotton is a member of the malvaceae family of flowering plants that includes hibiscus, pavonia and mallow plants. Cotton seed (shown in fig 10) yields 0.89 tons per hectare on an average. The worlds average yield is 603 kg/ha [1] editor@iaeme.com

7 Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of A Di-Diesel Engine A Review Figure 10 Cotton seeds [4] Soya Bean The scientific name of soya bean plant is Glycine max. Soya bean is also called soja bean or soya bean, annual legume of the Fabaceae family and its edible seed, probably derived from a wild plant of East Asia. The origins of the soybean plant are obscure, but many botanists believe it to have derived from Glycineussuriensis, a legume native to central China. The soybean is an erect, branching plant ranging in height from several centimeters to more than 2 meters (6.5 feet). Soya bean seeds (shown in fig 11) yield 446 liters oil per ha. 2. PROPERTIES Figure 11 Soya beans 2.1. Density Fuel density is the density of the fuel, commonly expressed in kilograms per cubic meter. The greater the fuel density, the greater the mass of fuel that can be stored in a given tank and the greater the mass of fuel than can be pumped for a given fuel pump. Fuel density generally increases with increasing molecular weight of the fuel molecules [5]. Fuel density also generally increases with increasing molecular weight 95 editor@iaeme.com

8 R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumari of the component atoms of the fuel molecules. High density of fuel leads to poor combustion of fuel and increase in emissions such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The density value of the oils considered varies from kg/m 3 as shown in the table Viscosity Viscosity is the index of fuel resistance to flow. It is measured in centistokes.svo viscosity is much higher than that of diesel fuel: it increases with the carbon chain lengths, triglyceride un saturation which induces polymerization, and when the temperature decreases. Common SVOs have a kinematic viscosity of cst at 40 C, i.e times higher than that of diesel. SVO high viscosity causes i) a decrease in injection rate due to head losses in fuel injection pumps, filters and injectors, ii) poor fuel atomization and vaporization by the injectors, which leads to incomplete combustion inside the combustion chamber [5]. This results in lower thermodynamic efficiency, and an increase in soot emissions and particles. The viscosity of the oils varies from cst as shown in the table Molecular weight Molecular mass or molecular weight is the mass of a molecule. It is calculated as the sum of the mass of each constituent atom multiplied by the number of atoms of that element in the molecular formula. It is measured in kg/k mole. The higher the molecular weight of the fuel, higher the rate of emissions.[5] 2.4. Cetane number The cetane number of the fuel, specified by ASTM D-613, is a measure of its ignition delay with higher cetane numbers indicating shorter time between the initiation of fuel injection and ignition, a desirable property in diesel engine fuel [6]. The cetane number is relatively constant within a kind of vegetable oil and even between different kinds of oils. Therefore, measurement of the cetane number to ensure good quality SVO in stationary engines is pointless. The cetane number of the oils ranges from 37 to 48 as shown in the table Lower Calorific value Calorific value of a fuel is the thermal energy released per unit quantity of the fuel when the fuel is burned completely. Other terms used for the calorific value are heating value and heat of combustion. It is measured in units of energy per unit of the fuel such as kj/kg [6]. The efficiency of the engine is proportional to the calorific value of the fuel. The lower calorific value of the vegetable oils considered ranges from MJ/kg as shown in the table Iodine value Iodine number (DIN 53241/IP 84/81) is a measure of the degree of un saturation of the fuel. Unsaturation can lead to deposit formation and storage stability problems with fuels. It is measured as gm/100 gm of Iodine [6]. Iodine value has opposite result of cetane number in engine performance and emissions. The values of Iodine of the vegetable oils considered ranges from g/100g of Iodine as shown in the table editor@iaeme.com

9 Name Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of A Di-Diesel Engine A Review 2.7. Flash point Flash point (ASTM D-93) is a measure of the temperature to which a fuel must be heated such that the mixture of vapor and air above the fuel can be ignited. It is measured in degree centigrade. All No 2 diesel fuels have relatively low flash points [6].The flash point of a fuel is important safety storage and handling parameter and does not influence the performance of the engine. The flash point of vegetable oils is sufficiently high to ensure good handling safety. The flash point of the considered vegetable oils ranges from C as shown in the table Saponication value The saponification number measures the bonded and unbonded s present in an oil or fat. It defines the exact amount of potassium hydrate in mg necessary to emulsify 1g of fat or oil. The smaller the molar mass of the fat, the higher the saponification value. The saponication value of the considered vegetable oils ranges from as shown in the table Acid Value Acid value is the measure of milligram of potassium hydroxide present in 1 gm of fuel. Acidity in vegetable oils can vary from 0.01% to 10% wt (which corresponds to 0.02 to 20 mg KOH/g oil). Free fatty s have smaller molecular weights than the triglycerides they are derived from, which makes ic vegetable oils more easily flammable. The free fatty s of SVO are not a problem for use in diesel engines up to 10% wt. When ity increases from 0.01% to 1% wt, and to 10% wt, the "flash point" is reduced by 20 C and 85 C respectively. However, free fatty s cause corrosion and deposits in the engine. In fact, free fatty s are markers of vegetable oil quality, as they are generated during the process as well as during ageing. The value of the considered vegetable oils ranges from mg KOH/g as shown in the table 1. Table 1 Properties of straight vegetable oils C14:0 Myristic C16:0 Palmitic C16:1 Palmitoleic C18 Stearic C18:1 Oleic C18:2 Linoleic C18:3 Alpha,gama linoleic Acid C20:0 Archidic Jatropha Cotton seed oil Tobacco seed oil Others, C12 - <0.01,C20:1-0.13, C , C22:1<0.01 Karanja C 20:1 2.4, C Mahua Rubber seed oil Deccan C 20:2-0.5, C22: Hemp Oil 0.3 Neem C , C C , C10 Palm , C12 kernel oil Palm oil Soya bean oil Tr C12:0 0.2, C 22: editor@iaeme.com

10 R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumari Table 2 Fatty composition of vegetable oils [5][12] Name C14:0 Myristic C16:0 Palmitic C16:1 Palmitoleic C18 Stearic C18:1 Oleic C18:2 Linoleic C18:3 Alpha,gama linoleic Acid 3. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION Most vegetable oils are triglycerides. Most vegetable oils are triglycerides chemically; triglycerides are the triacylglyceryl esters of various fatty s with glycerol. One hundred grams of fat or oil will yield approximately 95 grams of fatty s. Both physical and chemical characteristics of fats are influenced greatly by the kinds and proportions of the component fatty s and the way in which these are positioned on the glycerol molecule. The predominant fatty s are saturated and unsaturated carbon chains with an even number of carbon atoms and a single carboxyl group. Table II lists the fatty composition of some vegetable oils. 4. EMISSIONS FROM SVO OPERATED ENGINES C20:0 Archidic Jatropha Cotton seed oil Tobacco seed oil Brake Thermal Efficiency Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the brake power to the input fuel energy. The brake thermal efficiency of CI engine running on Straight vegetable oils is lower than that of the corresponding diesel fuel at all the engine speed. The possible reason may be higher fuel viscosity. Higher fuel viscosity results in poor atomization and larger fuel droplets followed by inadequate mixing of vegetable oil droplets and heated air [13]. Among Jatropha and karanja, Jatropha seemed to be most promising [14]. Among Soya bean, palm oils Soya bean oil exhibited a better performance [15] Brake Specific Energy Consumption It is an indication for efficiency of fuel energy obtained from the fuel. It is a product of brake specific fuel consumption and calorific value of the fuel [13]. BSFC exhibited by the Straight vegetable oils are nearly same and also higher than that of the Diesel [16]. The reason for this is due to the higher densities of SVO. Others, C12 - <0.01,C20:1-0.13, C , C22:1<0.01 Karanja C 20:1 2.4, C Mahua Rubber seed oil Deccan C 20:2-0.5, Hemp Oil C22:1 0.3 Neem C , C C , Palm C , kernel oil C Palm oil Soya bean oil Tr C12:0 0.2, C 22: editor@iaeme.com

11 Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of A Di-Diesel Engine A Review 4.3. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption The fuel consumption characteristics of an engine are generally expressed in terms of specific fuel consumption in kilograms of fuel per kilowatt-hour. It is an important parameter that reflects how good the engine performance is. It is inversely proportional to the thermal efficiency of the engine [13]. Among Soya bean, Palm and Diesel the soya bean oil exhibited greater BSFC than the remaining [15] and also Deccan Hemp oil and Karanja oil has greater BSFC than Diesel at full loads[10,17] Exhaust Gas Temperature The exhaust gas temperatures are dependent on the duration of combustion [13]. Deccan Hemp, neem oil and Jatropha oil exhibited higher EGT than Diesel [10, 16, 18]. The reason for this may be long duration of combustion due to their high viscosities Oxides of Nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen which also occur only in the engine exhaust are a combination of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen and oxygen react at relatively high temperatures. To reduce NO x emissions the temperature of the cylinder should be reduced. Therefore high temperature and availability of oxygen are the two main reasons for the formation of NO x [13]. Depending upon the fatty composition the quantity of NO x produced by palm oil, soya bean oil, soap nut and karanja oil are less [9, 15, 17] CO/CO 2 Emissions CO /CO 2 is a product of incomplete combustion due to insufficient amount of air in the air fuel mixture or insufficient time in the cycle for completion of combustion [13]. The oils such as deccan Hemp, rape seed oil, jatropha exhibited higher CO/CO 2 emissions compared to diesel due to their high viscosity which leads to improper combustion [10, 16] HC Emissions Unburnt HC emissions are direct result of incomplete combustion. SVO due to their higher viscosities undergo incomplete combustion and therefore has Higher HC emissions [13]. The statement is strengthened by the works performed on karanja, jatropha, soap nut, deccan hemp and neem oils [10, 16, 17, 18] Smoke Opacity The smoke of the engine exhaust is a visible indicator of the combustion process in the engine. Smoke is due to incomplete combustion [15]. Some SVO s like karanja, soya bean and palm oil exhibited lower smoke where as soap nut, deccan hemp and neem has lower smoke opacity when compared to diesel [9,10,15,17,18]. 5. CONCLUSIONS Depending on the review made on the physical, chemical and fatty compositions of vegetable oils the following conclusions are drawn Vegetable oils are the fuels which have close characteristics like diesel and therefore they can used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines 99 editor@iaeme.com

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