U.S. Department of Energy s Vehicle Technologies Program

Transcription

1 U.S. Department of Energy s Vehicle Technologies Program Oregon E.V. Road Map - Electric Drive Vehicle (PHEVs) Testing Activities and Results Jim Francfort E.V. Road Map Preparing Oregon for the Introduction of Electric Vehicles November 9 This presentation does not contain any proprietary or sensitive information

2 Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Eastern Idaho based U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Federal research laboratory 89 square mile site with 3, staff Support DOE s strategic goal: Increase U.S. energy security and reduce the nation s dependence on foreign oil Multi-program DOE laboratory Nuclear Energy Fossil, Biomass, Wind, Geothermal and Hydropower Energy Advanced Vehicles and Battery Development Energy Critical Infrastructure Protection Nuclear Bio-mass Wind Geothermal Hydropower

3 AVTA Background INL s PHEV and other vehicle testing is conducted for DOE s Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity (AVTA). The AVTA is part of DOE s Vehicle Technologies Program INL and the Electric Transportation Engineering Corporation (etec) jointly conduct the AVTA AVTA Goal Provide benchmark data for DOE technology modeling, simulations, research and development activities, and to fleet managers and the general public to support their vehicle purchase, operations, and infrastructure deployment decisions Accomplished via the development of cost-shared partnerships with public, private, and regional groups to test, deploy and demonstrate advanced vehicle and infrastructure technologies 3

4 AVTA Testing by Technology Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) models, 16 vehicles, 1.1 million test miles Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) 18 models, 47 vehicles, 4.7 million test miles Neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) 3 models,, test miles Hydrogen internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles 7 models, 5, test miles Full-size battery electric vehicles (BEVs) 4 EV models, 5+ million test miles Urban electric vehicles (UEVs) 3 models, 1 million test miles Total of million test miles accumulated on 1, electric drive vehicles representing 96 different electric drive models 4

5 PHEVs Models in Testing/Demonstrations Hymotion Prius (A3Systems) Hymotion Escape (A3Systems) Ford E85 Escape (Johnson Controls/Saft) EnergyCS Prius, models (Valance and Altair Nano) Electrovaya Escape (Electrovaya) Hybrids Plus Escape, models (Hybrids Plus and K Energy Solutions) Hybrids Plus Prius (Hybrids Plus) Manzanita Prius (lead acid) Manzanita Prius (Thunder Sky) Renault Kangoo (Saft NiCad) (All batteries are Lithium unless noted) 5

6 PHEV Testing Methods and Objectives Perform independent testing of PHEVs, using: Baseline performance testing: closed test tracks and dynamometers Accelerated testing: dedicated drivers operating vehicles on defined onroad loops Fleet testing: everyday unstructured \ non-directed fleet and public use, with onboard data loggers Laboratory testing of batteries Testing used to document: Battery life, charging patterns and profiles and infrastructure requirements Vehicle operations, fuel use (electricity and gasoline) Driver and environmental influences on fuel use Document the PHEV technology concept as well as PHEV batteries and models 6

7 PHEV Operating Modes Charge sustaining (CS) mode: from start to finish of a single trip, there is no energy available for electric drive propulsion in the PHEV battery. Therefore, the battery state-of-charge (SOC) at % is sustained Charge depleting (CD) mode from start to finish of a single trip, there is energy available for partial or full electric drive propulsion in the PHEV battery. Therefore, the battery SOC is being depleted during the entire trip Mixed CD/CS mode there is energy in the battery pack at the start of a single trip, but the PHEV battery is fully depleted before the trip ends 7

8 PHEV Fleet Testing Partners 75+ U.S., Canadian and Finnish testing partners 38 Electric utilities and clean-air agencies 13 City, county, state and national governments 7 Private companies and advocacy organizations 8 Universities and colleges, and 4 Canadian provinces PHEV companies 1 sea port and 1 DOD facility Testing partners include: A3Systems, EnergyCS, NYSERDA, NRECA, UC Davis, Google, Austin Energy, Central Vt PSC, Duke Energy, Advanced Energy, Salem Electric, Progress Energy, Portland and Pacific G&E, SDGE, Basin Electric, Buckeye Power, WI Public Power, Madison GE, Reliant Energy, SCANA, HCATT, BC Hydro, BC Government, Seattle, Tacoma Power, Ports of Chelan and Seattle, Puget Sound CAA, Wenatchee; King, Fairfax, Benton, Chelan and Douglas Counties; and several other Washington State fleets 8

9 6 PHEVs and Demonstration Locations Gov t, Public + Private Partners UH 5 34 UCD 59+37=96 3 UV 3+18=48 1 Data analysis INL & Reporting NREL Canada = 1 4 ANL ORNL OSU = Most Vehicle Conversions Prius & Escapes Li-ion Batteries 1 in DC 1 in CT Finland 1 87 Total PHEVs 4 Operating 71 Coming 9 Out of Service 9

10 Vehicle Data Management Process HICEVs Process Affected by Disclosure Agreements Data quality reports HEVs PHEVs BEVs INL Database INL Vehicle Data Management System Individual vehicle reports Fleet summary Reports - Public EVSE & Chargers Focused technical analyses and custom reports Modeling and simulations 1

11 Hymotion Prius Gen I UDDS Fuel Use 5 kwh A3Systems (Li) and Prius packs (AC kwh) MPG Hymotion PHEV Prius MPG & kwh - UDDS Testing MPG per UDDS Test Cumulative AC kwh Cumulative MPG Each Bar - 1 UDDS Test Cycle, Labeled by Cum ulative Miles kwh 11

12 Hymotion Prius Gen I HWFEDS Fuel Use 5 kwh A3Systems (Li) and Prius packs (AC kwh) MPG Hymotion PHEV Prius MPG & kwh - HWFEDS Testing MPG per FWHET Test Cumulative MPG Cumulative AC kwh kwh Each Bar - 1 HWFET Test Cycle, Labeled by Cumulative Miles

13 PHEV Accelerated Testing Accelerated testing in Phoenix over 5,44 onroad miles GPS units track distance, average and maximum speeds Cycle Urban Highway Charge Reps Total Reps Miles (mi) (1 mi) (1 mi) (hr) (N) (mi) (%) (%) % 11% % 11% % 11% % 11% % 11% % 11% % % % 11% 18 3 % 11% Total,34 3,1 1, ,44 Average 43% 57%

14 Hymotion Prius Gen I Accelerated Testing Cycle Urban Highway Charge Reps Total Electricity Gasoline (mi) (1 mi) (1 mi) (hr) (N) (mi) AC kwh Gals MPG Total ,44 Weighted Average 79.5 Each total distance slightly greater than and 64 miles. HEV version = 44 mpg 14

15 Hymotion Prius Gen II Accelerated Testing Cycle (mi) Urban (1 mi) Highway (1 mi) Charge (hr) Reps (N) Total (mi) Electricity AC kwh Gasoline Gals MPG Recalculated without incomplete charges E I I E I E I E I I I I I Total ,84 Weighted Average Each total distance slightly greater than and 64 miles. HEV version = 44 mpg. E = experienced HEV driver, I = inexperienced driver 15

16 Hymotion Prius Gen II Accelerated Testing High ambient temperatures impact charge completion 16 ETEC Hymotion Prius: 4 mi City/Hwy Loops Max Battery Cell Temperature [degf] Complete Charge Max Batt Cell Temperature [degf] Incomplete Charge Max Batt Cell Temperature [degf] Max Battery Inlet Air Temperature [degf] 16

17 >4C Ambient Temperature MPG Impacts 8 All Trips Hymotion Prius Fleet Fuel Economy 7 CD CD/CS 6 CS Average Fuel Economy [MPG] <-C -C to -1C -1C to C C to 1C 1C to C C to 3C 3C to 4C Average Ambient Temperature [C]

18 Engine Operations by Ambient Temperatures 1% Hymotion Prius Fleet - Percentage of Miles with Engine On All Trips CD CD/CS CS 8% 6% 4% Percent Miles Engine On [%] % % <-C -C to -1C -1C to C C to 1C 1C to C C to 3C 3C to 4C >4C Average Ambient Temperature [C] 18

19 Monthly Fleet Testing MPG Results Mont hly MPG by Operat ing Mode 8 MPG - All MPG CD MPG CD/CS MPG CS April 8 May 8 June 8 July 8 Aug 8 Sept 8 Oct 8 Nov 8 Dec 8 Jan 9 Feb 9 Mar 9 April 9 May 9 June 9 July 9 Aug 9 Sept 9 Hymotion Prius PHEVs with GridPoint (VGreen) data loggers 731, miles of data from 18 vehicles (as of September 9) 19

20 Monthly Fleet Testing Drive Modes 85% Percent Monthly Trips Driven by Operating Mode 75% % CD Trips % CD/CS Trips % CS Trips 65% 55% 45% 35% 5% 15% 5% April 8 May 8 June 8 July 8 Aug 8 Sept 8 Oct 8 Nov 8 Dec 8 Jan 9 Feb 9 Mar 9 April 9 May 9 June 9 July 9 Aug 9 Sept 9 85% 75% Percent Monthly Miles Driven by Operating Mode % CD Miles % CD/CS Miles % CS M iles 65% 55% 45% 35% 5% Hymotion Prius PHEVs with GridPoint (VGreen) data loggers 731, miles of data from 18 vehicles (as of September 9) 15% 5% April 8 May 8 June 8 July 8 Aug 8 Sept 8 Oct 8 Nov 8 Dec 8 Jan 9 Feb 9 Mar 9 April 9 May 9 June 9 July 9 Aug 9 Sept 9

21 PHEV Fleet Testing Reports Summary reports posted monthly on the www Individual vehicle reports only go to the respective fleet owners each month, 1,34+ reports to date (Oct. 9) 157 Hymotion Prius PHEVs, 981, miles, 18,97 trips, 6, charging events, 58,4 kwh used. GridPoint (VGreen) and Kvaser data loggers 1

22 Hymotion Prius (GridPoint Log.) Fleet Tests March 8 to Oct. 1, PHEVs, 7, miles, 77,5 trips, 16,8 charging events and 44, kwh

23 Hymotion Prius PHEVs CS Trips MPG and aggressive driving impacts March 8 May 9 8 MPG & Driver Aggressiveness for 17,3 CS Trips, 75, miles (15.9 miles average trip distance) 7 6 Driver Aggressiveness MPG Data from 15 Hymotion Prius with VGreen and Kvaser loggers 3

24 Hymotion Prius PHEVs CS/CD Mixed Trips MPG and aggressive driving impacts March 8 May 9 8 MPG & Driver Aggressiveness for 5,9 CD/CS Trips, 149, miles (5.3 miles average trip distance) 7 6 Driver Aggressiveness MPG Data from 15 Hymotion Prius with VGreen and Kvaser loggers 4

25 Hymotion Prius PHEVs CD Trips MPG and aggressive driving impacts March 8 May 9 8 MPG & Driver Aggressiveness for,7 CD Trips, 151, miles (6.7 miles average trip distance) 7 6 Driven Aggressiveness MPG Data from 15 Hymotion Prius with VGreen and Kvaser loggers 5

26 MPG Results - Charge Depleting (CD) Mode 4% 35% Percent of,7 CD Trips and 151, CD Miles by MPG Grouping Percentage CD Trips by MPG Group Percentage CD Miles by MPG Group 3% 5% % 15% 1% 5% % <4 MPG 4 to <6 MPG 6 to <8 MPG 8 to< 1 mpg 1 to <15 MPG >=15 MPG Data from 15 Hymotion Prius with VGreen and Kvaser loggers 6

27 Testing Results by Fleet 7% Percent Miles Driven by Fleet and Operating Mode 6% 5% WA State 31 Calif ornia 18 All VGreen 1 Haw aii 6 Canada 14 4% 3% % 1% % %CD %CS %CD/CS 7

28 Testing Results by Fleet cont d 7% 65% 6% 55% 5% 45% 4% 35% 3% 5% % 15% 1% 5% % Percent Trips Taken by Fleet and Operating Mode WA State 31 California 18 All VGreen 1 Haw aii 6 Canada 14 %CD %CS %CD/CS 8

29 Testing Results by Fleet cont d 5 Charging Statistics WA State 31 California 18 All VGreen 1 Haw aii 6 Canada Ave Charging Event/ Vehicle/ M onth Ave Charging Event/ Vehicle/ Day Ave Dist ance (mi) per charge Ave kwh/ Charge Ave kwh/ M onth 9

30 Testing Results by Fleet cont d MPG by Fleet and Operating Mode WA State 31 California 18 All VGreen 1 Haw aii 6 Canada 14 CD MPG CS MPG CD/CS MPG All Modes MPG CD/CS % Improvement 3

31 Seattle Area PHEV Smart Charging Trials 13 Hymotion PHEVs, sponsored by Seattle City Light using GridPoint s Electric Vehicle Management Solution Types of Trials: Time of Day Charging Vehicle charging only allowed during certain hours of the day Goal Based Charging Normalize power demand for vehicle charging around a kw goal load Economic Charging Allow vehicle charging only when the price of electricity is below a threshold GridPoint Vehicle Connectivity Modules (VCM) used to control charging as directed by GridPoint s server and to log vehicle charging and driving data VCM requests the pack to wait to charge or to charge at a specified power level - no physical circuit interruption INL analyzed the data collected from the vehicles 31

32 Charging No Control 14 Typical Charge, Single Vehicle - No External Control 1 AC Power [Watts] 8 4 Charging P avg = 11 W End-of-Charge Post Charge P avg = 6 W Time [seconds] Hymotion Prius PHEV battery from A3 Systems 3

33 Results of Time of Day Charging Trials VCM establishes communication with control server, requests charging only between 1pm & 4am Typical Charge, Single Vehicle - 1am to 4pm Charging 1 8 AC Power [Watts] 4 Standby P avg = 4 W Charging P avg = 897 W Post Charge P avg = 5 W Time [seconds] Vehicle Plugged In Charging Begins ~1 PM Charging Ends 33

34 Results of Time of Day Charging Trials Rogue AC kwh energy drawn outside of allowable charging window: Communication not established or lost - charging occurs Cumulative standby energy draw when not charging Energy Consumption (kwh) by Type and Time Charging in Window Charging out-of Window Non-Charging in Window Non-Charging out-of Window 46.1, 19% 33.7, 14% 5., % 151.6, 65% 34

35 Results of kw Goal Charging Trials Vehicle charging controlled to normalize the resource load around 3 kw (Typical 7 Vehicle Max, 13 Possible) Typical Charge, Single Vehicle - 3kW Normalized Load 1 Standby P avg =37W (7 Segments) 8 AC Power [W] 4 Charge P avg =7W (8 Segments) Post Charge P avg =6W Time [s] 35

36 Results of Economic ($/kwh) Charging Trials Artificial price signal supplied and vehicles only charged when energy price < $.8/kWh Typical Charge, Single Vehicle - Economic Control..1 Price Signal AC Power 14 Price per kwh [$] Standby P avg = 139 W Charge P avg =169W Price Threshold Post Charge P avg = 9 W AC Power [Watts]. : 14:4 16:48 19: 1:36 : :4 4:48 7: 9:36 : < 3 mins, charging Time 36

37 Commercial Fleet Average Charge Demand Sun AM - Mon AM Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand Sat AM - Sun AM Fri AM - Sat AM Thu AM - Fri AM Wed AM - Thu AM Tue AM - Wed AM Mon AM - Tues AM Time of Day Commercial fleet 67 Hymotion Prius PHEVs May 9 1,18 Level I charging events

38 Commercial Fleet Average Charge Demand Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand Mon AM - Tues AM Tue AM - Wed AM Wed AM - Thu AM Thu AM - Fri AM Fri AM - Sat AM Sat AM - Sun AM Sun AM - Mon AM.5 Time of Day Avg Charging Demand per Vehicle (kw)

39 Commercial Fleet Average Charge Demand Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand Weekday Weekend Weekday period goes from Mon 6: AM to Sat 5:59 AM Weekend period goes from Sat 6: AM to Mon 5:59 AM Time of Day Avg Charging Demand per Vehicle (kw)

40 Private Fleet Average Charging Demand Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand Mon AM - Tues AM Tue AM - Wed AM Wed AM - Thu AM Thu AM - Fri AM Fri AM - Sat AM Sat AM - Sun AM Sun AM - Mon AM.1 Time of Day Avg Charging Demand per Vehicle (kw) Private fleet 39 Hymotion Prius PHEVs Jan Sep 9 1,14 charging events

41 Private Fleet Average Charging Demand.9.8 Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand Weekday Weekend Weekday period goes from Mon 6: AM to Sat 5:59 AM Weekend period goes from Sat 6: AM to Mon 5:59 AM.1 Time of Day Avg Charging Demand per Vehicle (kw)

42 Vehicle to Grid (VG) Regulatory Study Study of regulations, standards, and codes related to charging/discharging electric drive vehicles from/to the grid Examine governmental regulations, standards and building code requirements potentially impacting VG Identify regulations, standards and codes requiring modification if VG is implemented Develop a common set of regulations, standards and codes for applying in a broad geographic area Conducted with an OEM Base study on practices in Phoenix, Orlando, Boston, Detroit, Raleigh, Maui, San Diego, Dallas, Seattle, Washington DC, Portland OR, and New York 4

43 Other PHEV Testing Bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (VG) charging study 6 kw and kw levels, using lithium PHEV batteries, VGreen cellular charging control. Document infrastructure requirements and costs for VG Developing vehicle-based battery test bed research project for testing battery electric vehicle and PHEV batteries in various vehicle and charging operating scenarios, including: High mileage applications that introduce testing uncertainties such as high heat, extreme cold, vibration, irregular charging profiles and the most dangerous influence of all the vehicle operator Testing will include dynamometer and battery laboratory testing 43

44 PHEV Charging Infrastructure Cost Report Analyzes PHEV infrastructure requirements in single and multi-family residential, and commercial facilities as well as driving trends. No site specific costs Charging infrastructure equipment/administrative costs: Levels 1 (V, 15 or amp) and residential Levels 1 and (8/4V ~4 amp) apartment complex Level commercial facility Battery sizes & charge times for various PHEV platforms Power electronics & battery costs for PHEV platforms Level 1 Residential Labor Material Permits Total EVSE (charge cord) -- $5 -- $5 Residential circuit installation (A branch circuit, VAC/1-Phase) $3 $131 $85 $516 Administration costs $6 $43 $9 $1 Total Level 1 Cost $36 $44 $94 $

45 etec/nissan EV Infrastructure Demonstration INL is a principle participant with etec and Nissan in the deployment of 4,7 battery electric Nissan Leaf vehicles in 5 greater metropolitan statistical areas: Portland OR., Seattle WA, San Diego CA, Phoenix / Tuscan AZ, and several Tennessee locals INL will collect, analyze and report on charging infrastructure utilization for 11, Level II electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and 6 Level III chargers INL will report on vehicle charging patterns 45

46 etec/nissan EV Infrastructure Demonstration etec/nissan/regional Partners Seattle Portland, Eugene, Corvallis, Salem UCD INL Data Analysis and Reporting 11K+ Level II & III Chargers 47 Nissan EV s OSU San Diego Phoenix, Tucson Nashville, Chattanooga, Knoxville Battery 4+ kwh Li-ion, Projected 1 Mile Range 46

47 AVTA Webpage Use and Gasoline Costs 4, 37,5 35, 3,5 INL WWW Visitors & Gasoline Costs (all formulations, areas, and grades) Visitors (left axis) Gasoline Cost (right axis) Linear (Gasoline Cost (right axis) ) Linear (Visitors (left axis)) 3, 7,5 5,,5, 17,5 15,,5 1, 7,5 5,,5 $4.5 $4. $3.75 $3.5 $3.5 $3. $.75 $.5 $.5 $. $1.75 $1.5 $ Number of Monthly Visitors May ' June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec ' Jan '3 Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec '3 Jan '4 Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec '4 Jan '5 Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec '5 Jan '6 Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec '6 Jan '7 Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec '7 Jan '8 Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec '8 Jan '9 Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct All Grades Gasoline Costs - End of Month

48 Summary INL/AVTA PHEV Demonstration has provided 1.1 million miles and 6, charging events of data (knowledge?) Driver behavior, charging frequency, and environmental conditions have significant impacts on electric drive vehicles 8-85% energy efficiencies and mpg results PHEV drive patterns suggest shorter distances per day driving patterns than previously documented PHEV operations often occur with minimal pre-trip charge events they run even if not plugged in Non-charging energy use (hotel loads) may be significant The etec/nissan project will document more than 7 million miles of electric drive vehicle operations and more than 1.8 million charging events We (in this room) have the opportunity to help drive the future of electric drive transportation and infrastructure 48

49 Acknowledgement This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy s Vehicle Technologies Program Additional Information: or INL/CON