PV Meets EV. David Katz AEE SOLAR FOUNDER AND CTO

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1 David Katz AEE SOLAR FOUNDER AND CTO

2 TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES Hybrid Electric Vehicles HEV s HEV s have been on the market for over 10 years. They have a battery powered electric motor coupled with a typical gasoline engine. The electric motor charges the batteries during braking and downhill driving and assists the gas engine during acceleration and uphill driving. Their main source of power in gasoline. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles PHEV s PHEV s use electricity as their main source of power for most driving. This type of car still has a conventional gas engine for back-up, but will use electric power first, before relying on gas. Initially, most plug-in hybrids will be able to travel miles before switching over to gas power. Battery Electric Vehicles BEV s PV Meets EV BEV s use electrical energy stored in a battery for motive power. A BEV has few moving parts and requires very little maintenance. Current BEV s have a range of miles on a recharge.

3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid Cruising range in Electric Mode up to 13 miles Battery 6 kwh Lithium-ion. Recharge time 3 hours at 120 VAC Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid Cruising range in Electric Mode up to 30 miles Battery 10 kwh Lithium-ion. Recharge time 6 hours at 120 VAC Chevrolet Volt Cruising range in Electric Mode up to 35 miles Battery 16 kwh Lithium-ion. Recharge time 6 hours at 120 VAC PV Meets EV

4 Battery Electric Vehicles Nissan Leaf Cruising range up to 100 miles Battery 24 kwh Lithium-ion Recharge time 5 hours at 240 VAC Mitsubishi i-miev Cruising range in Electric Mode up to 93 miles Battery 16 kwh Lithium-ion Recharge time 6 hours at 120 VAC Ford Focus Electric Cruising range in Electric Mode up to 100 miles Battery 23 kwh Lithium-ion Recharge time 4 hours at 240 VAC PV Meets EV

5 Battery Electric Vehicles Tesla Roadster Cruising range up to 245 miles Battery 56 kwh Lithium-ion Recharge time 3.5 hours at 240 VAC/70 Amps PV Meets EV Tesla Model S- Coming in 2013 Cruising range in Electric Mode up to 300 miles Battery 40, 60 or 85 kwh Lithium-ion Recharge time 5 to 10 hours at 240 VAC

6 EV Owners Like Solar Early Adopter EV Buyers either have solar or are interested in solar electricity. 30% of Chevy Volt buyers already own home solar systems 45% of Nissan Leaf owners plan to power their car with solar 90% of EV buyers plan to charge their car at home

7 How Big is the EV Market 2011 Sales approximately 20,000 vehicles Chevy Volt: 7,671 cars Nissan Leaf: 9,674 cars 2012 Projected Sales - 125,000 vehicles Chevy Volt- 50,000 vehicles Nissan Leaf- 40,000 vehicles Ford Focus- 10,000 Toyota/Honda/Tesla/Mitsubishi 25, Projected Sales million vehicles Total market size by million vehicles

8 How Big is the EV Market

9 AC Charging Stations Charge Rates Level 1: 120 VAC, 16 Amps Level 2: 240 VAC, 32 or 70 Amps Level 3: 500 VDC, 63 Amps (CHAdeMO) PV Meets EV Application Residential wall-mount for home charging Commercial pedestal-mount for pay charging Description Deliver 120 or 240 VAC vehicles They are built to SAE J1772 standards Common operation and connector for all EV s

10 AC Charging Stations Level 1 Charger delivered with PHEV s ad BEV s No installation required Plug into standard 120 VAC, 15 amp outlet Long recharge periods up to 24 hours PV Meets EV

11 AC Charging Stations Level 2 Charger for Residential Use Requires 40 amp circuit or 40 amp 240 VAC outlet Professional installation required Five hour recharge for Leaf Made by GE, Schneider and others PV Meets EV

12 AC Charging Stations Level 2 Charger for Commercial Use For installation in parking lots Professional installation required Five hour recharge for Leaf Made by GE, Schneider and others PV Meets EV

13 AC Charging Stations SAE J1772 Charge protocol Supply equipment signals presence of AC input power Vehicle detects plug via proximity circuit (thus the vehicle can prevent driving away while connected) Control pilot functions begin Charge station detects plug-in electric vehicle and indicates to PEV that it is ready to supply energy Charge station provides its current capacity provided to PEV PEV commands energy flow Charge continues as determined by PEV Charge may be interrupted by unplugging connector PV Meets EV

14 AC Charging Stations Simple Wiring Diagram for Level 2 Charging PV Meets EV

15 AC Charging Stations CHAdeMO Quick Charger for Commercial Use Formerly called Level 3 Chaging DC Power is used to directly charge the vehicle battery Can charge a Nissan Leaf to 80% in 30 minutes or less PV Meets EV The name CHAdeMO is an abbreviation of CHArge de MOve", or to charge for moving, and is a pun for O cha demo ikaga desuka in Japanese, [ meaning How about some tea (while charging) in English.

16 PV with Electric Vehicle Charging 1. Solar Panels Solar panels convert sunlight into direct current (DC) power are typically installed on the roof 2. Inverter The DC power from the solar panels is sent to an inverter, where it is converted into alternating current (AC) power, used to power your electric vehicle and your home. 3. Electrical Panel AC power travels from the inverter to the circuit breaker panel. 4.Utility Meter The utility meter measures your electrical supply. When your solar system produces more power than you need, the meter runs backwards, accumulating credits with the utility company that will offset your next bill. 5. Electric Vehicle Charging Station Plug into the charging station to power your electric car. 6. Electric Vehicle Your EV is powered by clean solar electricity generated on your own home.

17 PV with Electric Vehicle Charging How much power does a car consume? A Nissan Leaf uses 24 kwh to go 100 miles. This is 240 watt-hours per mile. To go 20 miles per day (7300 miles per year), the car will consume approximately 2000 kwh per year. How much power do you get from a PV system? Each kilowatt of PV modules on a south facing roof will deliver 1000 to 1500 kwh per year. What does your customer need? A 2 kw PV system will be more that enough for typical EV driving. If you are selling a system, this is a good up-sell if they plan to add an EV in the future.

18 PV with Electric Vehicle Charging Does your utility offer variable rate plans Time of use plan different rates at different times and seasons Tiered rates higher cost after base usage Separate meter for EV How does the cost of operation compare to gasoline Take the kwh rate and multiply it by 10 to get the approximate equivalent for a gallon of gasoline Example: 10 cents/kwh = $1 per gallon Can you guess how many watts a charging station would deliver if it charged an electric car as fast as a gasoline power car can fill its tank?

19 PV with Electric Vehicle Charging Does your utility offer variable rate plans Time of use plan different rates at different times and seasons Tiered rates higher cost after base usage Separate meter for EV How does the cost of operation compare to gasoline Take the kwh rate and multiply it by 10 to get the approximate equivalent for a gallon of gasoline Example: 10 cents/kwh = $1 per gallon Can you guess how many watts a charging station would deliver if it charged an electric car as fast as a gasoline power car can fill its tank? Answer: 1,400,000 Watts!

20 Vehicle Charging and Utilities Utility Concerns Substantial increase in load Create problems during peak demand Could level load demand in off-peak Some utilities want demand charges Residential metering does not support demand billing

21 Vehicle Charging and Utilities

22 Vehicle Charging and Utilities PG&E E-9 Rate for EV s In a whole house situation it is important to see how a single meter with this rate impacts existing load costs. With a PV system installed, the customer will be getting paid extra in the afternoon in the summer Homes with air conditioning could be affected negatively unless PV system was large enough

23 How can you get involved Offer residential charging stations to customers Become known an expert in the field of EV/PV Increase revenue from new solar customers New way to find solar customers through charging station installs Additional revenue possibility for previous customer base Understand EV rate schedules from utilities Offer residential kit systems targeted to EV buyers/users Designed to offset annual use of Leaf/Volt Market to EV buyers Develop partnerships with local car dealers Offer a kick-back to dealers that send you customers Offer to sell a system to the dealer

24 PV with Electric Vehicle Charging Mitsubishi Charging Station Joint project of Mitsubishi Electric and Mitsubishi Motors North America, Inc. to build the first solar powered charging station in Cypress, California. The station has two charging outlets that can charge four cars at the same time.

25 PV with Electric Vehicle Charging GE Charging Shade Structure GE is installing shade structure with charging stations for employees with plug-in electric vehicles at many of their facilities

26 PV with Electric Vehicle Charging Katz Barn in Arcata This is an east and west view of my barn in Arcata, CA with a total of 4 kw of modules. This supplies approximately 4500 kwh of electricity per year, enough power to drive my Nissan Leaf more than 12,000 miles per year.

27 PV with Electric Vehicle Charging Redway Charging Station GE WattStation 250 Watts of PV on a tracker connected to an Enphase Inverter powering the circuit the charging station in connected to

28 Thank you!