Batteries for e-mobility an important global market for LANXESS Dr. Wolfgang Oehlert Vice President Asia Pacific, Inorganic Pigments business unit, LANXESS Shanghai, September 6, 2012
Trend towards electrical powered engines numerous drivers Electric mobility definition Usage of electrical energy in power engines Including hybrid electric vehicles with multiple energy sources Electrical energy from different sources: Battery (chemical energy) Ultra double-layer-capacitor* Fuel cell (electrochemical) Direct connection to generation plants** Types of vehicles: Individual (light vehicles, twowheelers, commercial vehicles) Public (busses, rail-bound vehicles) Drivers / Requirements External factors: Climate change / reduction of greenhouse gases Finite nature and instability of fossil fuel supply Globally increasing mobility demand Government: Emissions Urban congestion Safety Consumers: Social responsibility Value for money Vehicle performance Quality and reliability Source: LANXESS analysis, acatech, Roland Berger, Maxwell; * static energy; **by e.g. overhead contact line
Propulsion systems based on electricity higher CO 2 emissions reductions than ICE technologies Electrification path along power train technologies Electrification path Efficient ICE* Mild hybrid Full hybrid Plug-in hybrid Range extender Full electric car Technology definition Advanced gasoline and diesel technologies Start-stop system, regenerative braking, some acceleration assistance Electric launch, acceleration assistance, electric driving at low speeds Full hybrid with a larger battery and plug-in capability Electric vehicle with an ICE to recharge the battery All the necessary propulsion energy stored in the battery Source: LANXESS analysis, Boston Consulting Group, e.on; * ICE = internal combustion engine
Lithium ion batteries best ratio between energy density, charging time and power density Energy density (Wh/kg) Energy sources batteries Trend from nickel metal hydride to lithium ion technology due to requirement for higher energy density Different lithium ion technologies are available in the market* Cathode technology is crucial for success of battery technology due to current physical limits Ragone plot higher power and energy driving li-ion battery growth High energy density: Long cruising range 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 Fuel cells 10 hours Batteries 1 hour 1 second Ultracapacitors 0.03 second Conventional Capacitors 10 100 1000 10,000 Power density (W/kg) Li Ion Ni metal hydrid Ni Cd Lead acid High power density: Fast acceleration, fast storage of braking energy Source: LANXESS analysis, acatech, Roland Berger, Maxwell; * e.g. LiMn 2 O 4, LiCoO 2, LiNiO 2, LiFePO 4
The value chain of e-car batteries 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Component Cell Module Pack assembly Vehicle integration Use Use Reuse and recycling Manufacture of anode and cathode materials, binder, electrolyte, and separator Production & assembly of single cells Module Configuration of cells into larger modules that include some electronic management Installation of modules together with systems that manage power, charging, and temperature Vehicle integration Integration of the battery pack into the vehicle structure, including the battery-car interface Use during specified in-vehicle lifetime Battery reuse; deconstruction and cleaning preparatory to recycling of materials and components Source: LANXESS analysis, Boston Consulting Group
The value chain of e-car batteries LANXESS is a supplier of precursors for cathode materials 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Component Cell Module Pack assembly Vehicle integration Use Use Reuse and recycling Cathode component Raw materials Processed materials Module Precursors Cathode materials Cathode material Energy Vehicle Power density integration density Safety Stability Cost Li 2 CO 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeOOH Fe 3 O 4 H 3 PO 4... LiMn 2 O 4 LiCoO 2 LiNiO 2 LiFePO 4 LiMn 2 O 4 LiCoO 2 LiNiO 2 LiFePO 4 Source: LANXESS analysis, Boston Consulting Group
Japan, USA and Germany expected to be the leading producers of electric cars by 2015 Expected of electric cars in 2015 Country Electric cars volume Top 3 models 170,000 150,000 140,000 330,000 490,000 Nissan Leaf, Toyota Prius III PHEF, Mitsubishi imiev Chevrolet Volt*, Ford Focus EV, Fisker Karma* BMW i3, VW e-up!, Smart ForTwo ED 3rd Gen Chana Benben Mini EV, Geely, Nano Lynx/Panda, BYD E6 Renault: ZOE Z.E., wizy Technic, Fluence Z.E. 20,000 Hyuandai Blueon, Kai Ray Source: Roland Berger, fka (May 2012); * PHEV
China leading in e-mobility-related R&D funding significant growth expected National R&D funding for e-mobility Country in m EUR % of GDP 7,135 0,169 2,484* 0,105 2,093** 0,020 734 1,354 0,074 0,101 486 180 0,012 0,012 Source: Roland Berger, fka (May 2012); * Excl. lightweight material research funding as part of NPE program; ** Note: major subsidies awarded are manufacturing- not R&D-related these are not included
Batteries a key to e-mobility Batteries are a pre-requisite for e-mobility solutions Lithium ion batteries best ratio between energy density, charging time and power density Significant rise in e-car expected growing importance of battery solutions