鋰 電 池 技 術 及 產 業 發 展 趨 勢

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1 鋰 電 池 技 術 及 產 業 發 展 趨 勢 潘 金 平 Tel: 工 業 技 術 研 究 院 材 料 與 化 工 研 究 所 2011/3/22

2 鋰 電 池 電 動 車 生 產 狀 況 EV Benefits: Cost saving (fuel and maintenance) Reduce/eliminate CO2 emissions Fuel up at home Can provide back up power to your house PEVH:Primearth EV Energy AESC:Automotive Energy Supply BEJ:Blue Energy Japan LEJ:Lithium Energy Japan HVE: 日 立 車 輛 能 源 JCS:Johnson Controls-Saft Advanced Power Solutions

3 電 動 車 & 動 力 鋰 電 池 : 關 鍵 問 題 EV Li ion Battery Module 電 動 車 關 鍵 問 題 Energy Storage Service Model Electric Propulsion Telematics 動 力 鋰 電 池 關 鍵 問 題 Cost &Safety High Energy High Power High charge Cycle Life

4 鎳 氫 電 池 便 宜 穩 定 材 料 用 途 價 格 ( 每 顆 / 元 ) 優 勢 劣 勢 電 池 芯 生 產 廠 商 代 表 性 車 款 各 種 電 動 車 用 電 池 比 較 表 金 山 電 鎳 氫 鎳 金 屬 為 主 油 電 混 合 車 - 產 品 穩 定 性 高 - 價 格 便 宜 - 工 作 溫 度 範 圍 廣 - 輕 微 用 電 憶 性 Toyota Prius 第 3 代 純 電 動 車 能 量 密 度 高 - 起 始 電 壓 高 - 循 環 壽 命 短 - 安 全 性 較 差 能 元 資 料 來 源 : 各 生 產 廠 商 / 非 凡 新 聞 周 刊 三 元 系 鈷 鎳 錳 BMW Mine E Luxgen MPV 鋰 錳 鋰 錳 ( 主 要 ) 純 電 動 車 技 術 較 為 成 熟 - 大 電 流 放 電 特 性 佳 - 高 溫 (>70 ) 環 境 影 響 壽 命 能 元 有 量 Mitsubishi-SHI I- Mi EV 通 用 Volt 鋰 鐵 鋰 鐵 磷 酸 純 電 動 車 鋰 鐵 電 池 循 環 壽 命 長 - 價 格 便 宜 - 循 環 壽 命 長 - 安 全 性 高 - 起 始 電 壓 低 - 技 術 萌 芽 階 段 - 體 積 能 量 密 度 較 低 必 翔 昇 陽 瑞 能 比 亞 迪 F3DM

5 鋰 離 子 / 鋰 高 分 子 電 池 工 作 原 理 正 極 : LiCoO 2 Li (1-x) CoO 2 +xli + +xe - 負 極 : C 6 +xli + +xe - Li x C 6 Charge 總 反 應 : LiCoO 2 +C 6 Li (1-x) CoO 2 +Li x C 6 Discharge Heterogeneous electrochemical reaction with transportation of ion and electron e - e - M M M M M M e M M M + e - M + M + e - e- e - e - e M M e - M + M + M + M+ + M + M + M M M M Energy density Power density Cycle life Safety Cost Charge rate

6 6.3% BOM of LFP Battery (40Ah: Prismatic Power Cell) 材 料 成 本 分 析 13.7% 1.1% 3.1% 0.4% 3.5% 2.3% 29.9% Cathode Al Anode Cu Separator Electrolyte Ccover with vent/cid Case Conductive carbon 2.1% PVDF/NMP 23.8% 13.7% Others (pin,ptc,disk,tab,tape)

7 ESTIMATED MATERIAL COST OF BARE LI-ION CELLS (NOT INCLUDE CAN, SAFETY VENT AND COVER) Cost of positive material is more sensitive for energy cells Power cells need cost reductions in other components too (e.g. separator, electrolyte, Cap design, etc.) A cost target of completed battery for $250~300/kWh is feasible!

8 各 種 鋰 離 子 電 池 材 料 資 料 來 源 : 1st Int l Rechargeable Battery Expo-Lithium-ion Batteries for Advanced Automobiles, GS Yuasa Corp., 溫 田 敏 之

9 快 速 充 電 負 極 材 料

10 High Power Anode Material (Li 3 ) 8a (Li, Ti 5 ) 16d (O 12 ) 32e + 3 e Li + 3Ti +4 3Ti +3 (Li 6 ) 16c (Li, Ti 5 ) 16d (O 12 ) 32e Spinel Rock salt Enerdel Toshiba Pros & Cons of Li 4 Ti Ti 5 O 12 - High-rate charge capability - Safe (3D spinel structure) - No SEI (high potential~1.5v) - Long cycle life - Low cost< US 20/Kg - Low capacity(160 mah/g) - Low electron conductivity

11 高 安 全 電 池 技 術

12 Capacity & Cell Number of Li-ion Battery cells 1 cell 10 cells 10 recalls of NB & Mb in from leading companies 12

13 Safety mechanism of Li ion battery (pack) Abuse condition Internal Short External Short Over Charge Charge after Over Discharge 1 St :Electronic Design Protected circuit(i V T abnormal) Protected circuit (PACK) Protected circuit (PACK) Pre-Charge (PACK) 2 nd :Mechanic Design PTC CID rd :Material Design Separator shut down ~130 Thermal setting technology Damage Heating Gas emission Fire Explosion STOBA ( self terminated oligomers with hyper-branched architecture) temperature

14 Nail pentration test of different kinds of cathode chemistry vs. energy density of Li-ion cells Cathode chemistry LiMn 2 O 4 LiCoO 2 Li[Ni,Co,Mn]O 2 Cell energy density (Wh/kg) Cell types 18650, (soft pack) (soft pack) 18650, (soft pack) Cell capacity (Ah) 1.4, , 10 Nail penetration test (Nail Φ=2.5mm) Φ=2.5~5 mm) w/o STOBA w STOBA Fail Pass Fail Pass Fail Pass

15 Temperature Curve of the Nail Test of LiCoO 2 Cell Voltage(V) Cell Voltage 1.3Ah w/o STOBA 1.3Ah with STOBA Short point temp. 1.3Ah w/o STOBA 1.3Ah with STOBA Temp.( o C) Time (sec)

16 Temperature Curve of the Nail Test of LiMn 2 O Cell LiMn 2 O 4, =2.5mm, v=1.0mm/sec w STOBA (1400mA) w/o STOBA (1400mAh) Temp. ( o C) Time (sec)

17 High C rates test of LiMn 2 O cells w/o STOBA w/o STOBA C 1C 2C 8C 10C with STOBA with STOBA C 1C 2C 8C 10C Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Capacity (Ah) Capacity (Ah) C rates capacity ratio(%) 1C 2C/1C 8C/1C 10C/1C w/o STOBA 1.47Ah C 2C/1C 8C/1C 10C/1C with STOBA 1.47Ah

18 Cycle test of 10Ah LNCM cells at RT Ah 1C-1C cycle RT 25 o C, V capacity retention(%) STOBA inside 0% STOBA Resistance (Fresh cell) Resistance (Cycle cell) Resistance increased(%) 10Ah+0% 1.86 m-ohm 4.34 m-ohm (888 cycles) 133% 10Ah+ STOBA 2.31 m-ohm 4.02 m-ohm (1024 cycles) 74%

19 Cycle life of LiNiCoMnO2 Battery(776285) Discharge Capacity (Ah) C/1C Cycle 2 Cyc. 400 Cyc. (mah) (mah) (%) 500 0% STOBA % 2% STOBA % Cycle Number Discharge Capacity (Ah) C/1C Cycle 2 Cyc. 500 Cyc. o C (mah) (mah) (%) 0% STOBA % 2% STOBA % Cycle Number Long cycle life at H.T.

20 STOBA Production Cell/Pack verification E-Van demonstration project A Good Integration of STOBA (MCL) & Battery Companies & E-Van ( MSL) Amita Use STOBA-inside 5Ah pouch cells to form 1S6P module 84S*2 LiB pack by MSL STOBA-inside Paste MCL 1S6P STOBA material E-One Moli 3S35P Use STOBA-inside 2Ah cylindrical cells to form 3S35P module 28S LiB pack by MSL Delivery of production cells MSL System level verification Cell/Pack testing by MCL

21 Technology roadmap/ Diffusion Scenario For Battery(Japan) Battery Capacity Battery Costs Distance per charging EVs PHEVs FCVs Spread 1x 1x 1/2x 130km 1.5x 1/7x Battery improvements 3x 1/10x 200km Lithium ion battery performance improvement Introduce and demo tests (400km,3000hrs) General use of fuel cell vehicles (800km,5000hrs) Commutes 7x 1/40x 500km Post-lithium ion battery development, etc. Genuine Diffusion Related Technology High performance batteries Rare earth substitute materials 後 鋰 電 池 時 代 (2020 年 ) 之 電 池 技 術 發 展 分 析 全 固 態 電 池 金 屬 - 空 氣 電 池 多 價 陽 離 子 電 池 燃 料 電 池 創 新 電 池 實 用 化 2020 年 以 後 之 功 率 型 車 用 電 池 性 能 目 標 : Energy Density: 600Wh/L(2020)/ 1000Wh/L(2030) 250Wh/Kg(2020)/ 500Wh/Kg(2030) Power Density:1500W/Kg(2020)/ 1000W/Kg(2030) Cycle Life: (10-15 年 ) Distance per Charging:200km(2020)/500km(2030) Cost:20JPY/Wh(2020)/10JPY/Wh)(2030)

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