CASE STUDY: LIFELINE RESILIENCE- LOS ANGELES DEPARTMENT OF WATER & POWER Tom O Rourke Cornell University
1200 km2 Los Angeles N 200 km 40 km
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) Serves 4.0 Million People 12,000 km Distribution & Trunk Pipelines 1200 km 2
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM Simulates 12,000 km pipelines & facilities Comprehensive seismic & geohazards Special software for damaged hydraulic network analysis System risk & reliability Water & electric interaction Economic/social impacts
GIRAFFE SIMULATION EPANET Hydraulic Engine Trunk & Distribution ib ti Line Damage Pipe Break & Leak Negative Pressure Elimination Deterministic & Monte Carlo Simulations Outputs Linked to GIS Directly
LA Active Faults > 25 Different Sources Los Angeles Earthquake ake Sources Aggregated g Regional Hazard Represented by 59 Scenario Earthquakes
MULTI-MODAL MODAL SIMULATION Simulation for Ground Failure, Accidents, Human Threats Probabilistic Simulation for System-wide Seismic Wave Effects Combined Simulation for Permanent Ground Deformation & Seismic Wave Effects
VALIDATION: 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE System Serviceability Results agree with LADWP records Geographic Distribution of Lost Water Service ~90% match with actual records Flow at Key Locations Excellent agreement with records
M w 6.5 Northridge Scenario EQ N 2002 System with Hollywood Reservoirs, Distribution & Trunk Line PGD-induced Damage, & EP Loss, Winter Demand City Trunk Line Leak = 23,000 gpm Pipe Flow at 24 hrs 0 hr SSI: 97.2% (median) 24 hr SSI: 74.6% (median) LEGEND Pipe Flow = Damaged = Flow = No Flow After = No Flow Before = Removed Water Outage = 1 Day = 2-7 Days
Permanent Ground Deformation Only Transient Ground Deformation Only Permanent & Transient Ground Deformation
GREAT SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SHAKEOUT Maximum PGVs close to 200 cm/s in Los Angeles Use correlations between PGV and RR to model damage in trunk line and distribution system
PGD & LOCAL DAMAGE Los Angeles Aqueducts ruptured by3.3moffault fault movement Identify areas with liquefiable soil and model the additional damage to pipelines
DECISION CHART FOR PGD DAMAGE
SYSTEM SERVICEABILITY INDEX SSI is the ratio of water available at all system nodes after the EQ to water available before the EQ
FLOW CONDITIONS 0 Hrs 24 Hrs
WATER SERVICE AREAS Results for 15 Service Areas
14.8 M m3 Encino Reservoir LA Reservoir 13.6 M m3 Stone Canyon Reservoir Hollywood Reservoir 5.4 M m3 13.6 M m3 Disinfectant By-Products
EMERGENCY USE OF RESERVOIRS SI for most populated areas of Los Angeles (Westside, Central City, Highland Park, and Mount Washington) performance with reservoirs on and off
NEAR REAL-TIME SIMULATIONS USGS SHAKEMAPS Strong Motion Arrays Real-Time Strong Motion Maps Input to LADWP System Simulation for Real Time Performance Assessment ShakeMap for 29 July 08 5.4 MW Diamond Bar, CA EQ
HIGHLY DUCTILE PIPELINES HDPE
CHRISTCHURCH LIQUEFACTION Burwood Bexley
CHRISTCHURCH LIQUEFACTION AT BEXLEY
BURWOOD (HORSESHOE LAKE) Severe Liquefaction Moderate Liquefaction Replaced Damaged AC and PVC Piping i After Darfield EQ with HDPE Pipelines No HDPE Pipelines Damaged After Darfield EQ
SAN ANDREAS FAULT RUPTURE EFFECTS ON LOS ANGELES WATER SUPPLY California Aqueducts Los Angeles Aqueducts Elizabeth Tunnel Colorado R. Aqueduct Los Angeles
LA AQUEDUCT ELIZABETH LAKE TUNNEL: HDPE PIPELINE INSTALLATION HDPE Pipe to allow water flow after fault rupture
LIFELINE RESILIENCE: LOS ANGELES WATER SUPPLY State-of-the-Art Decision Support System Emergency Response and Planning Strategy t for Major Earthquakes Real Time Earthquake Simulation of Emergency Response for Post EQ Operations Highly Ductile HDPE to Mitigate Fault Rupture Effects