Critical Facility Round Table

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1 Critical Facility Round Table October 16, 2003 San Francisco Seismic Risk for Data Centers David Bonneville Senior Principal Degenkolb Engineers San Francisco, California

2 Presentation Outline Seismic Risk Code Requirements Data Center Components Issues and Solutions Data Center Buildings

3 Seismic Risk A Function of: Seismic Hazard and Building Performance

4 Bay Area 30-year Probabilities

5 USGS Seismic Hazard Map

6 Seismic Performance Buildings Northridge Earthquake

7 ST RISK % Damage vs. MMI

8 Intensity vs. Peak Ground Acceleration

9 Seismic Performance Data Centers Seattle Earthquake

10 Equipment Damage vs. MMI FROM ATC Loss to Nonstructural Items (%) VI VII VIII IX X XI XII MMI Electrical Equip. Mechanical Equip. Hi-Tech & Lab Equip. Office Equip.

11 Equipment Anchorage

12 Code Requirements 1. Pre 1997 UBC Including all editions of BOCA and SBC 2. Post a UBC 2b IBC, 2003 IBC 2003 NFPA ASCE - 7

13 Code Requirements 1994 UBC Lateral Force On Nonstructural Components F = p ZC p I p W p Where: F p = Equivalent static horizontal design force Z = Seismic Zone Coefficient C p = Coefficient (Generally 0.75 for equipment) I p = Importance Factor (1.0, 1.25 or 1.5) W p = Weight of the Item

14 Code Requirements 1997 UBC Lateral Force On Nonstructural Components Where: a p = Component Amplification Factor (rigid or flexible structure) (varies from 1.0 to 2.5) = Seismic Coefficient (dep. on Zone and Soil Type) C a I p R p a C p a p x Fp = ( 1+ 3 ) R p = Importance Factor = Component Response Modification Factor (ductility of support anchorage) h x /h r = height in building where equipment is located divided by total height of building I h h r W p

15 Code Related Issues Roof Level 1994 UBC 1997 UBC Near Fault Shallow Anchors Grade Level Lateral Forces on Nonstructural Components 1994 UBC vs UBC

16 Shallow Anchors Shallow Anchors are those with and embedment length to diameter ratio of less than 8.

17 Installation Related Issues Inadequate Anchorage No Anchorage

18 Data Center Components Server Racks Other Equipment AC and UPS Access Floors Ceiling and Fire Sprinklers Emergency Generators

19 Servers Seattle Earthquake

20 Seismic Anchorage of Servers

21 Anchorage Solution

22 Anchorage Solution Anchor servers to prevent sliding and overturning Brace access floor to prevent lateral collapse

23 Rack Design Issues Standard Rack Seismic Rack

24 Rack Design Issues Anchorage of seismic rack to floor.

25 Alternative Solution Rack Isolation

26 Alternative Solution - Rack Isolation Single isolator Isolator allows floor to move underneath equipment. Forces on equipment above are greatly reduced WORKSAFE TECHNOLOGIES

27 Alternative Solution - Rack Isolation 100% Amplitude WORKSAFE TECHNOLOGIES

28 Alternative Solution - Rack Isolation 141% Amplitude WORKSAFE TECHNOLOGIES

29 Other Equipment on Raised Floor UPS Equipment Approach is similar to server racks.

30 Heavy Equipment AC Units

31 Heavy Equipment Anchorage

32 Emergency Power Anchorage of emergency generator

33 Access Floors

34 Access Floors

35 Bracing of Access Floors Access floors must be braced or pedestals designed to cantilever. Mass to include floor system and weight of equipment (normally 25% of floor LL.) Need mechanical attachment to base slab, glue alone IS NOT acceptable.

36 Bracing of Access Floors Standard pedestals are not adequate for high seismic areas

37 Heavy Duty Pedestals and Stringers Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

38 Design Anchorage Detail: Access Floor

39 Access Floor Bracing Installation Problems

40 Access Floor Bracing Installation Problems

41 Ceilings and Fire Sprinklers Northridge Earthquake 1994

42 Ceilings and Fire Sprinklers

43 Pipe Bracing

44 Pipe Bracing NOTE: NFPA 13 editions prior to 1999 may not be adequate in high seismic areas. Acceptable Bracing NFPA-13 Detail

45 Building

46 Seismic Design Forces with Time Lateral Force (% g) Low-Rise Shear Wall Building in Zone Pre Present

47 Relative Costs Bricks and Mortar Cost / Square Foot $1,500 $1,000 $500 Relative Structural Cost 22% 15% 7% 6% 5% $0 Building Type Office Hospital Data Center Pharm Mfg. Chip Fab Structural Exterior Arch. Interiors MEP

48 Relative Costs Fully Equipped Cost / Square Foot $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 $4,000 $2,000 Building Type $0 Relative Structural Cost 15% 7% 1% Office Hospital Data Center 3% Pharm Mfg. 1% Chip Fab Structural Exterior Arch. Interiors MEP Soft Costs FF&E

49 Seismic Performance Levels Operational Immediate Occupancy Life Safe 1997 UBC Near Collapse Collapse

50 Seismic Upgrade Solution with BRBF s

51 Seismic Upgrade BRBF s

52 Seismic Upgrade Solution with BRBF s

53 Damper Solution 4-5 Link Structure Viscous Dampers

54 Damper Solution 4-5 Link Structure Viscous Dampers

55 Base Isolation Seismic Isolation provides major economic advantages: Protection of occupants, contents, structure Dramatic reduction in damage n minimal business disruption Lead- Rubber Seismic Isolator Seismically Isolated Structure

56 Base Isolation Base Isolator During Testing USGS

57 Base Isolation AboveNet Building New Isolator Under Existing Building

58 Conclusions 1. Data Centers are subject to severe damage and loss of operations in moderate (frequent) earthquakes. 2. Code requirements related to equipment anchorage have recently changed significantly. 3. Equipment bracing (even for critical equipment) is often nonexistent or second-rate. 4. Access floors are critical to data center performance and most are not intended for use in high seismic areas. 5. Seismic upgrades can generally be undertaken without severe disruption of the data center.

59 Questions? David Bonneville - Senior Principal dbonne@degenkolb.com Degenkolb Engineers 225 Bush Street, Suite 1000 San Francisco, CA Phone: Fax: San Francisco. Los Angeles. Portland. Oakland. San Diego. Seattle

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