2012 MID-TERM EXAM REVIEW diagram the earth s orbit including the following: tropic of cancer, tropic of capricorn, equator, sun s most direct rays, first day of each season, solstices, equinox, hours of sunlight at the north pole, date of the start of each season, arrows showing the direction of orbit explain why each season is not the same length; include gravity and average orbital speed what is the name of the north star and explain the apparent motion of all celestial objects in respect to the north star explain the theory proposed or contribution by each of the following: aristotle, copernicus, brahe, kepler, galileo, newton contrast heliocentric and geocentric draw and label each of the 8 moon phases in sequence diagram a lunar and solar eclipse including the sun, moon, and earth: also show the umbra and penumbra explain what eccentricity is and how it is calculated: what is the eccentricity of a circle and what is the apparent shape of all the planets orbits explain the three uses of angular measurements what is zenith what is the angle along the horizon for the following compass directions: 225, 45, 360, 180 what is the angular separation for the following: describe the difference and give an example of real motion and apparent motion How can we see anything? What is the speed of light? How many times does light go around the earth in a second? How long does it take for light to travel from the sun to earth? How long does it take light to travel to the next closet star? How long does it take for light to travel from the farthest object in space to get to earth? Do we see the past, present or future? What force causes particles of stellar dust to become attracted to each other? The most widely held astronomical theory about the origin of the universe is the theory. The fact that the spectra of stars are shifted towards the red suggests that the stars are
After our star, the next closest star to earth is light-years away. Diagram the correct sequence of a star s life cycle. The planets that are closer to the sun have a orbital speed. The stars that are closer to the center of a galaxy have a orbital speed than those further out. Approximately 90% of the visible universe s mass is composed of Approximately 10% of the visible universe s mass is composed of We can see about % of the stuff that the universe is composed of. In the H-R diagram, stars are classified on the basis of and A cloud of gas and dust in which a star is born is called a On the H-R Diagram which group do most stars fall? The actual brightness of a star is its magnitude. Blue stars are than red stars. What factor determines a star s color? Constellations that can only be seen during certain times of the year are called. Constellations that can be seen throughout the year are called. The apparent magnitude of a star tells you how bright the star is as viewed from. Using the Star Charts posted on the my web page, answer the following questions: Is Ursa Major a seasonal or circumpolar constellation? If you wanted to see Polaris in the Winter, what part of the sky would you look at? Name a star in the constellation Canis. Dark Matter may account for % of the universe. How many galaxies did Hubble see that were blue shifted? A nebula is a huge cloud of gas, primarily composed of. A nebula becomes a star when Our sun is what color? Using the H-R Diagram below, answer the following questions: White dwarfs have temperature and absolute magnitudes
Red giants have temperature and absolute magnitudes A star with an absolute magnitude of -6 is than a star with an absolute magnitude of +2. Answer the next questions using the following charts: What is the apparent magnitude of the sun? What is the apparent magnitude of Jupiter? How much brighter is the moon than Jupiter? Can a 15 cm telescope see an object with an apparent magnitude of 18.5? What did Edwin Hubble discover? That discovery led to what theory?
Write the formula for a fusion reaction. What do each of the letters stand for in the formula E=mc 2. Explain how the e and m are related. What is the EMS and what are at its extremes? What are the relative wavelengths of those extremes? List the visible light from longest to shortest wavelengths. What happens to white light as it passes through a prism? Which color refracts the most and least? Be able to determine the elements a star consists of when given the its spectral lines. Planetary characteristics: terrestrial vs jovian etc... Be able to define latitude (parallels). What is 0 latitude? What is the maximum degree of latitude? Be able to define longitude (meridians). What is 0 longitude? What is the maximum degree of longitude? Be able to determine the latitude and longitude of a place on earth. Compare and contrast lines of latitude and longitude. Where on earth does the day start? Does it get later ot earlier as you move east? Does it get later ot earlier as you move west? Be able to determine the time at one place on earth if given the time at another place on earth. Be able to determine the elevation of a location using contour lines, including depressions. Be able to determine the direction a river flows using contour lines. Be able to determine steepness of a slope using contour lines. Be able to determine the contour interval of a map. Should there be a large or small contour interval in the mountains? Should there be a large or small contour interval on a coastal plain? Be able to determine the relief of an area. Be able to draw a profile. Be able to describe and use the 3 types of map scales. Contrast a large and small scale map.
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: bar scale contour interval contour line elevation relief equator fixed ratio scale topography large scale latitude longitude small scale meridian parallels Prime Meridian profile ratio scale International Date Line LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE: Use the world time zone map to answer these questions. 1. What is the longitude and latitude of Iceland? 2. What is the longitude and latitude of Japan? 3. What country is located at 35 S 55 W? 4. What country is located at 42 S 170 E? TIME ZONES: Use the world time zone map to answer these questions. 1. If it is Monday 2:00 am in Yemen what day and time is it in Finland? 2. If it is Tuesday 11:00 pm in New Zealand what day and time is it in Leesburg? 3. If it is Sunday 2:00 am in Alaska what day and time is it in Chile? TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: Use the map below to answer these questions. 1. What is the contour interval of this map? 2. What is the elevation of the highest point on the map? 3. What is the lowest elevation on the map? 4. What is the relief of the map? 5 What feature is located a letter A? 6. How many miles of railroad track are shown on the map? 7 In what direction does the Blue River Flow? 8. Other than the ocean, how can you tell the direction the river flows? 9. On which side do you find the steepest slope of Pine Peak? 10. How can you tell which slope is the steepest on the map? 11. What is the elevation at letter E? 12. Draw a profile from D to C. 200 D Pine Peak E 100 N A 100 B OCEAN Blue River C Railroad 0 1 2 Scale in Miles
Diagram the scientific method. Define and give examples of open vs closed systems. Define the terms from chapter 1 : carbon cycle cycle earth system science energy cycle evapotranspiration geothermal energy solar energy system tidal energy water cycle biosphere geosphere atmosphere hydrosphere model open system closed system Alfred Wegener Continental Drift- Pangaea (200 mybp) Similar fossils- "lystrosaurus" Rock structures- Appalachians Fit of continents- South America and Africa Climates- glacial erosional and depositional features in the southern hemisphere Salt beds- found in Texas & Germany Glomar Challenger 1960's the Atlantic Ocean floor Sea-Floor Spreading earth s interior crust, mantle and 2 parts of the core Plate Tectonics Plates lithosphere, asthenosphere ocean vs continental plates- basalt vs granite Convergent Boundariesocean vs. ocean- island arc, Japan continent vs. ocean- volcanic mountain chain, Andes continent vs. continent- folded mountains, Himalayan Mountains subduction zone, trench Divergent Boundaries rift- Mid-Ocean Ridge and Rift Valley in Eastern Africa Transform Faults- San Andreas Fault earthquakes where they occur, what causes them fracture vs fault intensity vs magnitude focus vs epicenter P- wave vs S- wave vs surface waves locating the focus using triangulation after shocks, firestorms, tsunami, liquefaction preparing for earthquakes, predicting quakes east coast vs west coast Types of volcanic eruptions- caused by the type of magma (gas) pyroclastic (explosive ash) vs lava flow Types of volcanoes- due to the type of eruption cinder cone shield volcano composite volcano