Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology By Scott Ford, M.Ed. http://mrfordsclass.net YouTube:mrfordsc lass Facebook:mrfordsclasslearning Twitter:mrfordsclass What is Life? Life is incredibly diverse Humans, slime molds, trees and mosquitoes, all of these are alive Qualities of Life Irritability Growth & Development Reproduction Movement Self Regulating Metabolism Adapt to the Environment www.mrfordsclass.net 1
Irritability An organism s ability to respond to external and internal stimuli A stimuli is anything that is different to an organism External: outside of the organism Internal: Inside the organism Organisms respond to stimuli If organisms did not respond to stimuli then they would die Typical stimuli that cause reactions in organisms are: Changes in temperature, pressure, sound or changes in chemical compositions in their environment Growth and Development Biological growth may involve hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells Hypertrophy: Increase in the size of cells Most animals have finite growth period, ends when animal becomes adult Some will continue to grow throughout life span Development involves changes that occurs as organism matures Example: when children go through puberty Reproduction All living organisms reproduce cells Two type of cell production Asexual Reproductions : Cells replace dead and damaged cells Sexual Reproduction: Two cells from different organisms come together to create a new organism www.mrfordsclass.net 2
Movement Some organisms have very obvious movements Some, like plants, move but not as obviously as a 7 year old after 12 Pixie Sticks Some creatures will move as babies then become anchored in one spot (Sessile) Self Regulating Metabolism All living creatures must have chemical reactions occurring in their cells Sum of all chemical reactions in body: Metabolism Homeostasis is internal balancing act organisms perform Whenever the external (outside the body) or internal (inside the body) environment changes, the organism tries to bring everything back to an optimal state Adapt to the Environment All life is able to adapt to its environment There is a range to which an organism can adapt Tolerance Limits : Minimum and maximum limits of physical conditions (ex: temperature) and concentrations of chemical substances beyond which no members of a particular species can survive Adaptation can be structural, physiological, behavioral or a combination of all these things www.mrfordsclass.net 3
Fundamental Terms One of the hardest things to achieve, in any area of academic study, is to learn the unique language used by that discipline The anatomical language of the human body can be a difficult hurdle to overcome, but it is essential to the successful learning of life sciences Study Tip Consider buying index cards to use in your A&P course 1. By summarizing and writing down your notes it helps both the visual learner and the tactile learner 2. It forces you to pick the most important ideas and content, helping you focus in on what could be test questions 3. Probably the best reason is, note cards are portable. You may not be able to take your book everywhere, but index cards can go with you to work, on the bus, or even in the coffee store. It makes them perfect for quick little study sessions Terms Anatomy The study of structure Identification of the body parts To cut up Physiology The study of function How the parts of the body work physis means nature -ology the study of Pathology The study of disease and the disease processes What makes you sick pathos means suffering www.mrfordsclass.net 4
Terms Microscopic Anatomy Study of anatomy on a microscopic level, can not study without aid of a microscope Histology The study of tissues Cytology The study of cells Terms Gross Anatomy Study of anatomy on a large scale, you can see with unaided eye Regional Anatomy The study of anatomy by regions of the body (arm, forearm, etc ) Systemic Anatomy Study of anatomy by systems in the body Most general A&P classes are system based studies Levels of Organizations Almost always discussed in Life Science classes Levels of organization show relationship between increasing levels of complexity involved with life www.mrfordsclass.net 5
Levels of Organizations Subatomic Proton, Electrons, Neutrons Atomic The atom Smallest part of element Molecular Two or more atoms bonding with each other H 2 O (Water), CO 2 (Carbon Dioxide) Levels of Organizations Cellular The cell is the basic unit of life Tissue A bunch of cells that come together to perform a specific function Organ A group of different tissue coming together to work as a team Examples: Heart, stomach, liver Levels of Organizations Organ System Collection of organs uniting for a common goal or function Cardiovascular System, Muscular System Organism The living thing Examples: People, dogs, cats etc www.mrfordsclass.net 6
Organ Systems Collection of organs uniting for a common goal or function There are 11 organ systems that we need to know about Systems could be divided in different ways depending on your book Organ Systems Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Urinary System Digestive System Reproductive System Cardiovascular System Integumentary System Skin Hair Nails Glands Functions: Helps regulate the body s temperature, protection, water volume control, eliminates some waste products, Vit. D production, and sensation www.mrfordsclass.net 7
Skeletal System Bones Cartilage Joints Function: Support and protection for body, production of blood Muscular System Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Functions: Movement, postures, and heat production Nervous System Brain (CNS) Spinal cord (CNS) Nerves to body parts (PNS) Cranial (brain to body) Spinal (spinal cord to body) Functions: Regulates body activity www.mrfordsclass.net 8
Endocrine System Hormone producing glands Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Adrenal Gland And more Functions: Regulates body activities Works slower than the Nervous System, but very powerful Cardiovascular System Blood Heart Blood vessels Functions: Transports (oxygen, wastes etc ) Lymphatic System Lymph Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic tissue Functions: Brings fluid back into the blood vessels, protection for the body www.mrfordsclass.net 9
Respiratory System Lungs Accessory organs Functions: Transport of gasses Urinary System Kidneys Ureters Bladder Functions: Regulates chemical composition of the blood Digestive System Gastrointestinal Tract Accessory Structures Functions Break down and absorption of useful substances from food www.mrfordsclass.net 10
Reproductive System Testes Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Epididymis Etc Functions: Continuation of the species Homeostasis State of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body that is maintained by dynamic processes of feedback and regulation. Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium. Taber s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary 17 edition, 1993 Homeostasis Homeostasis is basically the body's natural desire to remain unchanged It achieves this through two feedback mechanisms Positive Feedback Negative Feedback www.mrfordsclass.net 11
Positive Feedback The initial stimuli causes an increasing reaction from the organism, it is a cascading reaction Each reaction from the organism is stronger then the last Head of fetus pushes against cervix Signal is sent to the brain to s ecrete oxytocin Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes fetus toward cervix Negative Feedback Most common type of feedback mechanism found in living creatures Feedback is similar to a thermostat Too c old, the heat kicks in and heats up the room Too hot, the a/c kicks in and cools the room down What is Healthy? What does it mean to be healthy? What does it mean to be unhealthy? www.mrfordsclass.net 12
Health The optimal state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmities. Social Physical Mental Health Example 1: A person could be physically fit, able to run the mile under 10 minutes, have a lot of friends, but still be clinically depressed to the point where he/she takes their life. Example 2: A person could have a great support network, be mentally sound but have a stroke brought on by undiagnosed hypertension (high blood pressure) Social Physical Mental Body Positions Anatomical Position Consider the body as one big land mass. If you were driving a car on this land mass you would need to know where you were going. To clarify all directions, we assume that the human body is in a standard position. www.mrfordsclass.net 13
Body Positions Anatomical position: Stand upright Head face forward Arms by side with palms facing forward Feet flat on the ground, toes forward Directional Terms Superior/Cephalic Inferior/Caudal Anterior/Ventral Posterior/Dorsal Medial Lateral Intermediate Ipsilateral Contralateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Top & Bottom Superior/Cephalic Toward the head, goi ng up Cephalic is used more when dealing with four legged creatures and Embryology Inferior/Caudal Towards the feet, goi ng down Caudal is used more when dealing with four legged creatures and Embryology www.mrfordsclass.net 14
Front & Back Anterior/Ventral The front of the body Ventral is used more when dealing with four legged creatures and Embryology Posterior/Dorsal Toward the bac k of the body Dorsal is used more when dealing with four legged creatures and Embryology Going In & Out Medial Near to the midline of the body, towards the sternum Lateral Towards the outs i de of the body, going away from the midline Intermediate Between two structures Close & Far Proximal Towards the point of origin Distal Away from the point of origin Distant, away www.mrfordsclass.net 15
Together & Apart Ipsilateral On the same side of the body Contralateral On opposite side of the body Think contrary, someone who is opposite, or conflict going against The last two Superficial Toward the surface Deep Away from the surface, deeper into the body Body Cavities Body Cavities Ventral Cavity Dorsal Cavity Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Cranial Cavity Vertebral Cavity Pelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity www.mrfordsclass.net 16
Body Cavities Body Cavities are like cubby holes in the body Organs are contained within specific cavities Body Cavities Two main Divisions Ventral Cavity Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity Front of the body Two main cavities Thoracic Cavity Contains: Heart, Lungs Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity Stomach and intestines Pelvic Cavity Lower part of intestines, reproductive organs Th o raci c C avi ty Heart, Lungs Ventral Cavity Pelvic Cavity Lo wer p art o f th e intestines, rep ro d u ctive organs Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity Sto mach an d intestines Dorsal Cavity Back of the body Dorsal Cavity Two main cavities Cranial Cavity Brain Vertebral Cavity Spinal Cord Cranial Cavity Brain Vertebral Cavity Spinal Cord www.mrfordsclass.net 17
Cut it up Sagittal Plane Divides body into left and right side Midsagittal: equal left and right sides Parasagittal: two sides are not equally cut Transverse Plane Divides the body into a top and bottom portion Cut it up Coronal/Frontal Plane Divides body into front and back Anterior and Posterior Oblique Cut at an angle Belly Tic Tac Toe The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided in two different ways. 9 sections 4 sections Remember: Left and right always means the body in front of you, not yours! www.mrfordsclass.net 18
www.mrfordsclass.net 19