Experimental Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs: Synergic Impacts and Management Implication Jamaluddin Jompa -- Dean: Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries UNhas - Secretary General: Indonesian Coral Reef Society (INCRES) -Chair for Scientific Advisory Board-CTI Indonesia
Introduction Despite Coral CTI is new Regional Program, Ocean Acidification is not part of RPOA and NPOA Despite Indonesia has very large Coral Reef Project, OA has not been an important issue Climate Change increased temperature coral bleaching!, but OA to coral growth is not very convincing yet? We need more empirical evidences 2
Introduction Despite Coral CTI is new Regional Program, Ocean Acidification is not part of RPOA and NPOA Despite Indonesia has very large Coral Reef Project, OA has not been an important issue Climate Change increased temperature coral bleaching!, but OA to coral growth is not very convincing yet? We need more empirical evidences 3
Known better GLOBAL THREATS: Climate Change Reefs at Risk- Revisited Coral Bleaching: Direct OA synergic effect to its physiology?? Sea Level Rise; Storms More potential damage to weakening coral skeleton?
GLOBAL THREATS: Ocean Chemistry CT at greater risk than other areas MAP 3.4. Threat to Coral Reefs from Ocean Acidification in the Present, 2030, and 2050 CT Reefs 2005: 380 ppm CO2 2030s: 450 ppm CO2 2050s: 500 ppm CO2 Reefs at Risk- Revisited ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary Red = marginal calcification, Blue = Optimal Chemistry
Effects of Elevated Temperature and CO 2 on the Conditions of Acropora sp 6
Effects on Coral Growth (mm) Coral growth significantly reduced by elevated temperature and CO 2 7
Effects on Zooxhantella density (cell/cm 2 ) Zooxhantella density significantly reduced by elevated temperature and CO 2 8
Effects Calcium Content of Coral Skeleton (%) Coral skeleton s calcium content significantly reduced by elevated temperature and CO 2 9
Impact on Halimeda sp Method: completely randomized design factorial treatment where there are 3 levels of factor : (A) CO2 concentration : 385 ppm (ambient), 750 ppm (medium), 1000 ppm (high), and 3 levels of factor (B) temperature: 30 o C, 32 o C, 34 o C. Biological parameters were observed of Halimeda sp : total, specific relative (growth rate), calcium content (Ca), and histopathology. Lay out of research increasing CO 2 and temperature to growth rate of macroalge Halimeda sp
Seagrass and mangrove habitats offer unique protection for corals from Ocean Acidification (in prep.) Emma Camp* 1, David J. Suggett 1,2, Jamaluddin Joma 3, Carrie Manfrino 4,5, Gilberte Genderon 6, David J. Smith 1 Corals found within mangroves were thus preconditioned to generally low ph but with significant suppression to calcification Both habitats could operate to provide future stores of genetic diversity but through very different biogeochemical processes. 11
What are Problems? ~85% of Indonesian reefs are under integrated local threats and ~5% of the reefs are under global thermal and climate change threats (WRI Reefs at Risk-Revisited)
OA adding more pressures on the existing threats! Over Fishing Destructive Fishing Coral mining Bleaching Sedimentation Corallivorous Outbreak Pollution Euthrofication Diseases Storms, earthquake, tsunami Algal overgrowth,
Indonesian Coral Bleaching Phenomenon in 2010 Severa Locations of Coral Bleaching (April July 2010) Aceh Padang Karimunjawa? Lombok Strait South Borneo Pangkep & Makassar Bone Bay Buton Wakatobi Raja Ampat June 2010 Source: Jompa & Yusuf, 2010; Setiasih et al. (2010) Suggett et al. (in prep); Risya et al. (in prep) October 2010
High Prevalence and Infection Rate of Coral Diseases in Eastern Indonesia Jamaluddin Jompa, et. al. (in prep) High infection rate (up to 5 cm/week)
Strategic Responses to OA? Can this be blessing in disguise?
How does this Sci help Manager with OA Issues? Focus on LOCAL THREATS: Bigger (85 vs 5% of total threat to reefs) They can be under our control: can apply practical ICM, MPA, Fisheries Management Measures This will build resilience for future OA & other global threats 17
The possible future scenarios of Indonesian Coral Reefs?? Several Key Strategies for Optimistic - Possible Scenarios: Legislation, law enforcement, public participations/stewardship Strong science based and adaptive management Integrated Land-Coastal-Marine Zone Management /EBM Coral reef resilience & effective MPA Networks More effective &/or proactive and Reef Rehabilitation/Restoration Climate Change and Ocean Acidification mitigation and adaptation
Thanks Jamaluddin Jompa (jamaluddin.jompa@gmail.com or j.jompa@unhas.ac.id - Professor on Coral Reef Ecology and Management, Hasanuddin University. Makassar, Kampus Unhas Tamalanre, 90245. Makassar, HP: +628124230107 -Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Unhas. +62-411-586025