Indonesia at the Center of the Coral Triangle: Mere Posturing or an Opportunity for Action?
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1 Indonesia at the Center of the Coral Triangle: Mere Posturing or an Opportunity for Action? Presented at the Indonesia Study Group Meeting Indonesia Project, ANU 18 July 2012 Lydia Napitupulu Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia
2 Presentation content Background Some cross-country comparisons Challenges and opportunities Indonesia s role
3 Background Coral Triangle as the center of marine biodiversity. - Highest coral diversity in the world (76% of all coral species) - Highest diversity of coral reef fish species (37% of all species)
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5 A look at the region
6 A look at the region
7 A look at the region Local threats the coral reefs : Overfishing and destructive fishing, including unsustainable harvesting of fish or invertebrates, and damaging fishing practices such as the use of explosives or poisons. Coastal development, including coastal engineering, runoff from coastal construction, sewage discharge, and impacts from unsustainable tourism. Watershed-based pollution, focusing on erosion and nutrient fertilizer runoff from agriculture delivered to coastal waters from rivers. Marine-based pollution and damage, including solid waste, nutrients, toxins from oil and gas installations and shipping, and physical damage from anchors and ship groundings. Burke et al, Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle. Washington, DC: WRI
8 A look at the region In 2009, 6 countries agreed to collaborate under the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI): Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste CTI Plan of Action hinged on 5 themes: sustainable seascapes, ecosystem-based fisheries management, marine protected areas development, adaptation to climate change, and improving the status of threatened species.
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12 Country comparisons Total population in the CT6 countries: 378,921,586 Total number of poor people: 62,840,065 (16.6%)
13 Country comparisons Country Indonesia Malaysia Papua New Guinea Philippines Timor-Leste Solomon Islands Population (2011)* % Population below national poverty line (poverty incidence) Number of poor people 242,968,342 28,274,729 6,064,515 99,900,177 1,154, , (2010) 3.8 (2009) 37.5 (1996) 37 (2002) 26.5 (2009) 49.9 (2007) 22.7 (2006)** 32,314,789 1,074,440 2,274,193 26,473, , ,938 Source: Millennium Development Goals Indicators of the United Nations Statistics Division
14 Country comparisons Human Development Index (HDI) 2011 ranking (Measure of Human Development: Health, Education, Income). Performance indicators (low, medium, high, very high) are based on the categorization of the United Nations Development Programme. Source: Human Development Report (2011) Country Malaysia Indonesia Papua New Philippines Timor-Leste Solomon Guinea Islands HDI * Rank out of 187 countries * 142 *2010 data
15 Country comparisons Under-five mortality rate (%) GHI STATUS INO Serious yet improving towards a moderate level MAL Transition from moderate to low level PNG Serious with condition improving based on the trend in % undernourished population and % underfive mortality rate PHL Serious yet improving towards a moderate level SOL 4.5*** 3.8*** 3.4*** 2.7*** 8.47 Serious state as highprobable state in the past with current state as moderate TIM Alarming level with no sign of improvement from * Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (2001) ** Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (2012) *** Millennium Development Goals Indicators of the United Nations Statistics Division Total population data source: CIA (2011)
16 Country comparisons Global Hunger Index (GHI) for year 2009 Formula: GHI = (undernourishment + child underweight + child mortality)/3 Source: IFPRI and Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe (2011) Proportion of undernourished in the population (%) Population Number of undernourished Prevalence of underweight in children under five years (%) INA ,968,342 31,585, MAL ,274, , PNG 24* 26* (97-99) 6,064,515 1,576, PHI ,900,177 14,985, SOL 21** 13** 12** 11** 559,198 61, *** TIM ,154, , CT6 TOTAL 378,921,586 49,132,625 (12.97%)
17 Country comparisons Governance index (Kauffman et al, 2009)
18 percentile Country comparisons Governance effectiveness INA MAL PNG PHI SOL TIM year
19 percentile Country comparisons Regulatory quality INA MAL PNG PHI SOL TIM year
20 percentile Country comparisons Control of corruption INA MAL PNG PHI SOL TIM year
21 Challenges Diversity of the countries in the Coral Triangle Legal charter of cooperation under the CTI is not yet finalized (since 2009) Interim Secretariat is Indonesia MAF.
22 Opportunities Sense of community Willingness of countries to compromise example Mobilization of funding sources (pooling a larger fund for higher returns) example Strong partner support Science (though driven by conservation organizations) Malaysia chairs
23 Opportunities Operational budget contribution (as agreed in the last round of negotiations) a compromise Funding Option 2 Country % total of CT6 GDP 60:40 % budget Indonesia , , , , , Malaysia ,833 77, , , , Papua New Guinea ,389 28,779 43,168 57,557 71, Philippines ,765 69, , , , Solomon Islands ,421 26,842 40,263 53,684 67, Timo Leste ,414 26,827 40,241 53,655 67, Budget scenarios 200, , , ,000 1,000,
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25 Indonesia s Role Indonesia: - the largest country (in various terms) - President Yudhoyono initiatied the CTI - Indonesia will host the Secretariat
26 Strategic immediate actions A multi-national Secretariat staffed by professionals Stronger engagement of other institutions, notably Foreign Affairs (and Bappenas, Environment, Finance, etc) Until then, concrete action will remain difficult.
27 References Reniel Cabral, Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad, Rollan Geronimo, Lydia Napitupulu, Paul Lokani, Delvene Boso, Christine Marie Casal, Nurulhuda Ahmad Fatan, Porfirio Aliño Crisis Sentinel Indicators: Averting a Potential Meltdown in the Coral Triangle. Unpublished manuscript. Reniel Cabral, Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad, Rollan Geronimo, Porfirio Aliño Opportunities and Challenges in the Coral Triangle. Environmental Science and Technology. Forthcoming. Lauretta Burke, Kathleen Reytar, Mark Spalding, and Allison Perry Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle. Washington, DC: WRI Kaufmann D., Kraay A., Mastruzzi M Governance matters VIII: aggregate and individual governance indicators, , Washington, DC: The World Bank,
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