KATI ATIK YÖNETĐMĐNDEN ÖRNEKLER; ĐSTANBUL BÜYÜKŞEHĐR BELEDĐYESĐ, FATĐH BELEDĐYESĐ VE FATĐH ÜNĐVERSĐTESĐ

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1 KATI ATIK YÖNETĐMĐNDEN ÖRNEKLER; ĐSTANBUL BÜYÜKŞEHĐR BELEDĐYESĐ, FATĐH BELEDĐYESĐ VE FATĐH ÜNĐVERSĐTESĐ CASE STUDY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY, FATIH MUNICIPALITY AND FATIH UNIVERSITY Furkan KAVADAR*, Sami GOREN** *Fatih University Environmental Engineering Senior Student Büyükçekmece Istanbul ** Fatih University Environmental Engineering Head of the Department Büyükçekmece Istanbul ÖZET Türkiye hızlı nüfus artışının yanı sıra şehirleşme alanında da büyük bir ilerleme ve gelişme içersinde olan bir ülkedir. Bu ilerleme ve gelişmeye paralel olarak büyük insan yerleşimlerinde karşılaşılan en önemli sorunlardan biri ise belediyeye ait katı atıklardır. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye de, Đstanbul da, Đstanbul un Fatih ilçesi ve Fatih Üniversitesi nde katı atık yönetimi ile ilgili araştırma yürütüldü. Bu araştırma sırasında katı atık yönetimi ve belediyeye ait katı atıklar ile ilgili temel kriterler ele alındı; katı atık ve belediyeye ait katı atık durumu gözlemlendi. ĐSTAÇ, düzenli depolama alanı ve yakma tesisi hakkında genel bilgiler görüşüldü. Fatih Belediyesi nin 2007 yılı için bir yıllık katı atık yönetimi sonuçları incelendi ve katı atık içeriği analiz edildi. Buna ek olarak, Atomik Absorpsiyon Spektrofotometre (A.A.S.) cihazı kullanılarak kullanılmış pillerin sızıntı suyunun karakteristiği üzerine deneyler yürütüldü. Son olarak ise tıbbi atıklar üzerine genel bir çalışma yapıldı. Anahtar Kelimeler: Katı Atık, Fatih Đlçesi, Fatih Üniversitesi, Pil sızıntı suyu, AAS cihazı ABSTRACT Turkey is a country which is in a great progress and development in the field of urbanization besides the rapid population growth rate. In parallel with that progress and development, one of the most important problems of which is encountered in large human settlements is municipal solid waste (MSW). Through this study, a research was conducted concerning the main principles in solid waste management of Turkey, -Istanbul Fatih Municipality and Fatih University. During this research, basic criteria about solid waste management and MSW were discussed; situation of solid wastes management and MSW was observed. General information about ĐSTAÇ, sanitary landfill, and incineration plant was discussed. A result of solid waste management for one year time, of Fatih Municipality was examined; and the content of solid waste was analyzed. In addition, an experiment regarding the amount leakage from used batteries, was conducted through use Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (A.S.S.) equipment. Lastly, a general workshop was done on medical wastes. Keywords: Solid waste, Fatih Municipality, Fatih University, leakage from used batteries, ASS equipment

2 1- INTRODUCTION Management of the increasing quantities of solid waste is a global environmental issue. The issue of waste is not only because of increasing quantities but also because of an inadequate waste management system. In general, there is a lack of organization and planning in waste management due to insufficient information about regulations and techniques; and due to financial restrictions in many developing countries, like in Turkey. Municipal solid waste is normally disposed off to open dump sites in many cities and towns of Turkey. There are 3200 municipalities and 16 of them are metropolitan municipalities. Approximately 3000 municipalities have solid waste management services. Solid waste generation rate in Turkey is about 1.34 kg per capita. Simple landfill or dump is used for disposal of solid waste in a big part of the country. But, the numbers of sanitary landfill and composting plant have been increased recently. 2- SITUATION OF LANDFILLING IN TURKEY There are totally 81 provinces and 3200 municipalities (16 of them are metropolitan municipalities) ın turkey. Regarding solid waste management out of these 81 municipalities where the waste is under the control of each municipality, there are only 13 sanitary landfills that are built according to standards, apart from sanitary landfills there are also 4 composting plants and 3 incineration plants. From the studies conducted before we have these results: 33% of wastes are disposed in sanitary landfills 1% of wastes are being composted 66% of wastes are being disposed of using non-conventional methods [1] 3. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE The production of municipal solid waste is approximately kg per day per capita in Turkey. This amount is much bigger in some developed countries, according to their economic power, for example kg per day per capita in the U.S.A. Figure 1- The Characteristics of Waste in Turkey (Ref. [2])

3 Figure 2- Solid waste composition in Turkey (1993) (Ref. [3-4]) Figure 3- Solid waste composition in Turkey (2005) 3.1 Problems of Solid Waste Management in Turkey There are several problems about landfilling; the first one is financial problems. Financial problems; Insufficient financial resources of municipalities Lack of encouragement for self-sufficiency in financial subjects Lack of regular accounting systems Lack of a superior legal institution responsible for supervising waste management services, having a budget and an investment program Lack of technical capabilities Lack of sufficient trained personnel Lack of information about the Solid Waste Control Regulation Uncontrolled growth rate and urbanization 4. ACTIVITIES OF FATIH MUNICIPALITY The waste collection in Fatih Municipality is divided into three parts for the sake of simplicity. The reason for this division is to make the control and the collection of wastes easier. The figure showed below, gives us information on how this municipality is divided. Figure 4- Study Area (1=Haliç Zone, 2=Middle Zone, 3=Marmara Zone) (Ref. [5])

4 4.1 ACTIVITY AND PROJECT INFORMATIONS During the process, carried out in three separate districts of Fatih, regarding the sweeping of streets, collecting the wastes and sending these wastes to the landfill area; Table 2. Study Area of Fatih Municipality (Ref. [6]) Middle Zone Marmara Zone Halic Zone Employee number Chief number Heavy vehicles driver Carriage driver Managerial worker Environmental engineer Broom operator Collection of garbage, sweeping of streets, debris and waste furniture collection, washing, garbage house clean, medical waste, container check and clean of historical structures; there are Fatih Municipality activities. Figure 5- Characterization Of Wastes Randomly Collected From Different Streets The waste content in different parts of Fatih Municipality is examined by the author, by collecting 40 kg of garbage from different streets. From these 40 kg of the waste, the content is as follows; Metal = 3.1 kg %7.8 Glass = 4.3 kg %10.6 Textiles = 1.6 kg %4 Plastics = 3.6 kg %9 Paper and Cardboard = 7.6 kg %19 Organic Material = 15.3 kg %38.3 Packing Waste = 4.5 kg %11.25

5 Figure 6- The Characteristics of Waste in Turkey 5. EXPERIMENT An experiment regarding the amount leakage from used batteries, was conducted through use Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (A.S.S) equipment. In addition to we measurements the BOD, COD, ph and temperatures of leakage from used batteries. Figure 7- used batteries Figure 8- batteries inside the distilled water Figure 9- A.S.S equipment The experiments done for used batteries are ph, Temperature, COD at 1%, Suspended Solids and Conductivity, these experiments were done in two phases: first phase was measurement of these standards after 3 days and second phase was after 45 days. The results coming from these experiments are showed in the table below: Table 3. Results From Experiments Of Used Batteries ph Temprature(ºC) COD(%1)(mg/L) Pb(A.A.S.)(µg/L) SS(mg/L) Conductivity(ms) 3 days 5,23 14, ,6... 0,04 1,5 months 11,27 21, , ,33 6. WASTE MANAGEMENT in FATIH UNIVERSITY Waste management in our university consist of two categories, 1) Waste paper collection 2) Used Batteries collection.

6 In the university there is also a wastewater treatment plant. The water that is treated is reused in watering of green areas. Our university is environmental friendly since every year there is tree planting which has become like a tradition of university involving also the volunteer students. 7. CONCLUSION From this project it was understood that the situation of waste in Turkey needs huge improvements, from the report that was prepared from European Union, there is given importance mainly to these topics: Improvement of solid waste management planning: re-planning & construction of sanitary landfills, rehabilitation of old sites, reuse-recovery-recycling, composting concerns, etc. Legal reforms: compliance to EU Directives, polluter pays, publishing guidelines with case studies, privatesector participation, etc. Institutional reforms: supporting municipalities, establishment of an independent environmental agency, etc Training and communication: raising public awareness, training staff, etc Monitoring the application of the action plan: determining indicators for success and needs, systematic data collection, developing a system for information sharing and reporting. Regarding waste management for our campus, it is quite good but as also stated in above sentences we need to raise public awareness in order to get better results; this may be done by making different trainings and conferences by professionals. By saying raising public awareness the better results may be achieved by the cradle-to-grave principle, so starting training from the primary school. Lastly, another way to give importance to environmental education would be by the help ofs written and electronic media. REFERENCES [1] Res. Asst. Başak TARHAN, M.Sc. Prof. Dr. Kahraman ÜNLÜ (Middle East Technical University Department of Environmental Engineering) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY Current Status and Developments project [2] Borat M., Solid Waste Management lectures notes (2006) Fatih University Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering [3] Leonardo da Vinci PROJECT WASTE TRAIN Number: TR/06/B/F/PP/ [4] National Technical Waste Management Report from Turkey (20 January 2007) by Leonardo da Vinci Waste Train Project [5] Fatih Municipality Web Site [6] Fatih Municipality sanitation works department handbooks printed in 2006 [7]Berkun M., Aras E., Nemlioğlu S Disposal of solid waste in Istanbul and along the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Waste Management 25, [8] Sami Gören, Sanitary Landfill, ISBN: 975, Fatih University Press, 2006 Istanbul