Efficiency Improvement of Solid Waste Management Systems with Load Reduction: A Case Study in Kandy City, Sri Lanka
|
|
- Damon Bates
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, 5-7 September 2007, Chennai, India. pp Efficiency Improvement of Solid Waste Management Systems with Load Reduction: A Case Study in Kandy City, Sri Lanka Amila Abeynayaka 1 and D.R.I.B. Werellagama 2 1 Sustainable Development Programme, United Nations University Office, 2 Department of Civil Engineering University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 1 aabeynayaka@yahoo.com, 2 indukaw@pdn.ac.lk ABSTRACT Kandy city the capital of central province of Sri Lanka is facing severe problems with managing solid waste. Higher amount of short term biodegradable waste make the solid waste management difficult. Unnecessary weight and odour from rotting waste make temporary storage, collection and transport difficult. Hence load reduction plays an important role in solid waste management. In this study composition of solid waste of households was determined at both the point of generating and at the point of disposal. Then a comparison of compositions was done. A questionnaire survey was done to identify the residents behavior about home composting and source separation. The findings show that the short term biodegradable waste percentage is very high at the point of generation. Though less number of residents practice home composting and source separation there is a considerable number of residents that can motivate to practice it by proper planning of solid waste management system. Finally load reduction methods were proposed to improve the efficiency of solid waste management system. Keywords: Solid waste, Kandy city, 3R, Home composting, Source separation, Load reduction 1.0 INTRODUCTION The issue of solid waste (SW) is becoming a major problem in the Asian developing countries though the countries still generate much less than developed countries when per capita figures are compared. Landfill is the most common method used to dispose SW in Asian developing countries. Yet with development and population growth the land availability will be a major problem to the landfills. On the other hand with restricted facilities for waste hauling and landfill management such as transporting vehicles and compacting vehicles, face difficulties to accommodate the immerging amounts of SW. Hence the load reduction on solid waste management (SWM) system at the point of generation and at the centralized disposal facility is essential. Composition analysis at both point of generation and disposal site is necessary to design and implement an effective waste management system. In this study SW was analyzed at both point of generation (households) and at the point of disposal (landfill site) to identify the composition of SW. Kandy city is the capital of central province of Sri Lanka. The city falls within the up country wet 126
2 Sustainable Solid Waste Management zone of Sri Lanka, where annual average rainfall is 3175 mm. Kandy has an average temperature level range of 21 to 26 o C. Yet in dry periods the temperature of the city area rises up to o C. The city land use mainly consists of home gardens, commercial activity areas, public institutions, forests, markets etc. The study mainly focused to identify the properties of residential SW generated in the Kandy city area. Hence a relatively high residential land use area was chosen for the study. Kandy lake catchment area which tentatively consists of around 2000 residential units was chosen for the analysis. SW generated within the Kandy city is collected and transported to the landfill site located in Gohagoda about 6 km away from the city. SWM in the city region is doing by two institutions including Kandy Municipal Council (KMC), the Local authority in the area and Care Kleen, a privet sector SWM company. SWM of the study area is operated by KMC. 2.0 METHODOLOGY The study consisted of following methods to collate data an the SWM system. 1. Solid waste composition analysis at households (point of generation) 2. Solid waste composition analysis at Gohagoda landfill (point of disposal) 3. Questionnaire survey among the households to identify the SWM behavior of the residents 4. Middleman shop and middleman behavior survey 5. Engineers, public health inspectors (PHIs), supervisors and collection workers interviews For the household waste composition analysis and the questionnaire survey a sample of household units was chosen. Tentatively the study area consists of 2000 households. 20 % of total units was randomly chosen for the study. First the study area was identified using available maps. Then the area was marked in a Kandy city map. The city map was used to identify the existing roads and streets. Yet the available maps in the study area produced by the survey department were modified in According to Adikari (2004) in the study area from 1956 to 1999 home garden land use has increased from 90 ha to 109 ha, natural forest land has decreased from 86 ha to 74 ha and grassland has decreased from 19 ha to 4 ha. Hence with field visits new land developments and streets were identified. The streets identified through maps and field visits were listed. Then the total number of houses in each street was counted. From each street 20 % of the houses was chosen for the questionnaire survey. 2.1 Solid Waste Composition Analysis at Households Each household was asked to dispose their SW into a bag given on the previous day. Residents were instructed to dispose only the waste that they generally dispose to the KMC SW collection system. The collected waste form the houses was separated into seven components including short term biodegradable, long term biodegradable, polythene and other plastics, metal, glass, paper, and other minor components. Then the weights of each component were measured. 2.2 Solid Waste Composition Analysis at Gohagoda Landfill SW samples were taken from the collection trucks of KMC in the study area once it arrived to the disposal site at Gohagoda landfill. Then the collected sample size was reduced to a reasonable size to sort by quartering technique. After that the reduced sample was separated into the seven components 127
3 Efficiency Improvement of Solid Waste Management Systems with Load Reduction: A Case Study in Kandy City described in the household waste composition analysis. Finally the weights of each component were measured. 2.3 Questionnaire Survey Among the Households to Identify the SWM Behavior of the Residents Questionnaire survey was conducted among 20 % of households to collect the information about SWM. Under the survey the information related to composting and source separation of the residents were collected. (The questionnaire survey was conduct among 20 % of household chosen by randomly as described above). 2.4 Middleman Shop and Middleman Behavior Survey Trough field surveys the available middleman shops, SW separation and recycling facilities in the study area and nearby environs were identified. Collection methods and difficulties facing with SW collection and operation were also discussed with the middleman shop owners and workers. 2.5 Engineers, PHIs, Supervisors and Collection Workers Interviews Engineers, PHIs, supervisors and collection workers were interviewed to collate date related to the SWM system in the area. Mainly focused data included available resources, collection procedure, health aspects, frequency of collection, collection rout planning, difficulties, possible improvements and the workers behavior. 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Composition of Solid Waste in Kandy City Study Region Figure 1 shows the summarized results of composition analysis obtained by quartering the SW collected directly from the households. 68 % of waste is short-term biodegradable waste and about 15 % is high value recyclables. Biodigradable (Long term) 11% Polythene & other plastics 3% Metal 2% Biodigradable (Short term) 68% Others 1% Paper 5% Glass 10% Figure 1 Composition of SW at House Holds (Weight Basis) The largest portion of solid waste represents short term biodegradable waste which includes kitchen waste, tree leaves, grass etc. This contains higher moisture content. Food waste a major constituent of short term biodegradable component of municipal SW has higher amount of moisture content 128
4 Sustainable Solid Waste Management compared with its weight. Table 1 shows specific weights and moisture contents of common waste found in municipal residential regions. Food waste has higher specific weight range compared with other common components. Glass, wood and metal also has higher specific weight values. Table 1. Specific Weights and Moisture Content Data for some Selected Solid Wastes (Extracted from Tchobanologlous et al., 1993) Type of waste Specific weight range (kg/m 3 ) Moisture content range (% By wet weight) Residential (uncompacted) Food wastes Paper Cardboard Plastics Yard waste Wood Glass Aluminum Other metals Municipal solid wastes In compactor truck Normally compacted land fill Well compacted land fill According to JICA (Japanese International Corporation Agency) study team SWM survey 2003 in Kandy district the bulk density of municipal SW is 0.3 kg/l while that of Japan is only 0.15 kg/l. Compactors the common SW transporting vehicle used in the study area were imported from Japan. They were designed for properties of SW in Japan (i.e. low density and high compression). In the study area compacters are ineffective due to low compressibility. On the other hand vehicles with heavy loads are not suitable to the existing road conditions. With heavy load first the road destroyed, then the vehicle get struck in mud. This was happened few occasions on the Gohagoda landfill. Figure 2 shows the summarized results of composition analysis obtained by quartering the SW of collection vehicles at Gohagoda landfill site. 61 % of waste is short-term biodegradable waste and about 15 % is high value recyclables. The largest portion of solid waste represents short term biodegradable waste which includes kitchen waste, Tree leaves, grass etc. The landfill at Gohagoda is now almost filled to its full capacity. Hence KMC similar to many local authorities in Sri Lanka is facing severe crisis of land for SW disposal. Sort term biodegradable waste contains higher moisture content. Specific weight of the short term biodegradable waste is relatively higher than the normal solid waste. Compression ratio of the waste is also low due to kitchen waste content (Table 2). Even for well compaction the compression ration is relatively low. Hence transportation and placing in a landfill is inefficient. 129
5 Efficiency Improvement of Solid Waste Management Systems with Load Reduction: A Case Study in Kandy City Biodigradable (Long term) 16% Polythene & other plastics 2% Metal 5% Glas s 7% Paper 7% Others 2% Biodigradable (Short term) 61% Figure 2 Composition of SW at Disposal Location (Weight Basis) Table 2. Ratio of Compacted Weight to Uncompacted Weight (Extracted from Oweis and Khera, 1998) Waste component Normal compaction Well compaction Food waste Paper Plastics Textiles Rubber and leather Yard waste Glass Metals Temporary SW Dumping Locations Existing collection system consists of temporary SW dumping locations, collection vehicles and crew households use common temporary dumping locations. Residents throw waste into those places. Collection vehicles collect waste from those dumping locations. Scattering of waste around temporary dumping locations were observed. This mainly happen due to cows, monkeys, dogs, cats and crows who search for food from those dumping locations. The food waste (short term biodegradable component) attracts the scavengers. Hence the reduction of food waste at the pint of generation would give a solution for this also. During rain periods the run off water takes solid waste from those dumping locations, which adds pollutants to natural water bodies including the Kandy Lake and River Mahaweli. The rotting waste produces leachate which pollutes the ground water and surface water bodies. In some places where the scattering occurred, all the waste was not collected by the collectors. Odour is another problem at those dumping locations which diminishes the quality of fresh air in the surrounding area. The odour causes residents to through SW from far distance to the SW collection bin, which possibly cause scattering SW around the bin. Scattered waste beside streets causes environmental and aesthetic 130
6 Sustainable Solid Waste Management hazards in the surrounding areas. With warm humid-tropical climate the average temperature about 25 o C in the Kandy region increases the bacterial activities. Hence the degradation of waste is high, so the waste can not keep at temporary dumping locations for long time. Breeding of house fly is another problem in temporary dumping locations. Hence the full clean of waste bin at least once per life cycle days of fly is essential. Even waste is collected daily basis, if there are remaining parts in the bin, the breeding can take place. Hence reduction of short term bio-degradable waste is important at the point of generating. For that home composting can be promoted. 3.3 Difference between the Compositions of SW at Point of Generation and Point of Disposal There is a difference between the compositions of SW at the point of generation and disposal site. A reduction of short term biodegradable waste can be observed (Table 3). At point of generation and temporary dumping locations in the study area percentage of short term biodegradable waste is higher than the measured values at the dumping location Gohagoda. It happens due to animal eating as observed and loss of moisture at the temporary dumping locations. According to the table long term biodegradable waste percentage has increased by This may due to reduction of short term biodegradable waste and practical errors. People cut tree branches in weekends, if the waste collected only in one day the composition fingers may inaccurate in such a case. Polythene bags may escape with the wing at the temporary dumping locations. Glass bottle were colleted by the collection workers during the journey, this may cause a reduction in glass content in SW at point of disposal. Table 3. SW Component Percentage Variations from Point of Generation to Point of Disposal Waste component Component percentage Variation as a percentage variation out of total of same component /(%) Short term biodegradable Long term biodegradable Polythene and other plastics Metal Glass Paper Others Questionnaire Survey Data Via the questionnaire survey the properties related to residents SWM was collected. Table 4 illustrates the data related to home composting and source separation. Table 4. Summarized Questionnaire Survey Data (Residents Choices) Property Doing Willing to do Not willing to do No idea Home composting /(%) Source Separation /(%) Home Composting 9.8 % of households are doing home composting at the moment. Yet it dose not indicate that all the short term biodegradable waste generated from those houses tune into compost and no such waste is 131
7 Efficiency Improvement of Solid Waste Management Systems with Load Reduction: A Case Study in Kandy City contributed to KMC collection system from those units. Inspection experiences of SW collected from those houses indicates there are some short term biodegradable components exist. In the present study no deep composition analysis was done to identify the SW composition variation due to home composting. If so a better idea can be taken about the effect of home composting to the composition of SW collecting by KMC % of households is willing to do home composting. It gives a 41.2 % of total value. More than half (52.9 %) the residents are not willing to do home composting. In Kandy city region the inadequate space was a major limitation to keep a home composting units. 3.6 Source Separation 14.4 % of households are doing source separation at the moment. Mainly they separate glass, metal and paper from the food waste. Yet in most cases only the clean part of the collected matter goes into the middlemen shops. Source separation is also practiced by the very few among the residents. Considerable amount of people are willing to do it if a proper collection system exists to collect sorted waste (Table 4). Yet the number who dose not knows or dose not willing to do the source separation is high. Hence actions must take to get the contribution of all the people to the proper SWM system. The working staff for waste collection is less than the standard values. The issue becomes more critical with the poor health conditions and higher absentees rates of the labours. There are middleman shops in the reachable distance (within 2 km) from the households. Table 5 indicates the market prices in the Kandy city region in year For clean recovered materials there is a good value. Yet the majority of residents do not like to go and sell the separated stuff to the middleman shop. They prefer the home visiting buyers. Though there are such buyers in near by areas, the collection visits are not done in continues and regular manner. With limited space in the urban households temporary storage is a major limitation for such buyer collection system. Therefore the residents tend to throw the recyclable items as SW. Table 5. Market Values of Recovered Materials (Extracted from Abeynayaka et al, 2005) Component Value /(LKR/kg) Paper 4-20 Glass Metal Polythene 3-30 Collection workers try to recover valuables from the SW disposed at the temporary dumping locations before they put it into the collection vehicle. Though it seems to be a positive fact, it causes delay in SW collection, reduction of efficiency of workers, scattering of waste, and poor health effects to the workers. Yet with promoted source separation at the houses and separate bins for each component at the street level the effect would be minimized. Also the quality and quantity of separated recyclables will be improved. If the KMC workers can collect the valuable recyclables from the households in daily or any other scheduled basis the system will function well. 132
8 Sustainable Solid Waste Management 4.0 CONCLUSION Huge amount of short term biodegradable waste create an unnecessary load on SWM system in Kandy city. Present there is a 10 % reduction of short term biodegradable waste from point of generation to point of disposal. Reduction of short term biodegradable waste will improve the efficiency of SWM system. Present 9.8 % of people are doing home composting in the Kandy city study area % of residents are willing to do it. Home composting should be promoted by providing technical and infrastructure facilities. Future studies must be done to identify how much short term biodegradable waste is converted into compost and what percentage is contributed to the collection system by escaping the home composting system and what are the reasons for that. Present source separation practice in the study area is not sufficient. Yet considerable amount of people are willing to do it if there is a proper collection system for separated waste. Source separation should be promoted and it should be coupled with the existing SWM system, workers and middleman shops. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to the University of Peradeniya for the support provided to execute and conduct the study; Mr. Thissa Athukorala, Department of Sociology, University of Peradeniya for his valuable advice for the questionnaire survey, and the participants of the questionnaire survey. REFERENCES Abeynayaka A., Sumanasooriya A.M.S., and Deshapriya A.V.N., Identification of toilet waste and solid waste pollution sources in Kandy lake catchment area. Final year research project report, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya, pp.48, (2005). Adikari A. M. S. B., Land Use Changes in Kandy Lake Catchment and Water Pollution in Kandy Lake, Western Region Megapolis Planning Project, World Trade Centre West Tower, Level 19, Echelon Square, Colombo (2004). JICA Study Team, Present solid waste management in Kandy, Japanese International Corporation Agency Solid waste management survey Kandy, Sri Lanka. (2003) Oweis I.S. and Khera R.P., Geotechnology of waste management, PWS publishing company, Boston, USA, pp. 23 (1998). Tchobanologlous G., Theisen H. and Vigil S., Integrated solid waste management. McGraw- Hill, Inc.1993 International edition, pp.28 (1993). 133
APPENDIX C. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR SOLID WASTE SERVICES
APPENDIX C. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR SOLID WASTE SERVICES A. Generation A1. DEMOGRAPHIC information administrative or political area (area bounded by the administrative boundaries of the municipality
More informationOVERVIEW OF ADDIS ABABA CITY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. February/ 2010 Addis Ababa Ethiopia
OVERVIEW OF ADDIS ABABA CITY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM February/ 2010 Addis Ababa Ethiopia PRESENTAION OUTLINE BACKGROUND SOLID WASTE GENERATION & COMPOSITION SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IDENTIFIED
More informationAnnex 2.2. Questionnaire for Solid Waste Management Survey
Annex 2.2 Questionnaire for Solid Waste Management Survey This Annex is a reproduction of Annex 2 of: WHO (1996). Guides for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Pacific Countries. Healthy Cities - Healthy
More informationWaste Production of KMC. Waste Management Policy & Laws. Solid Waste Management in Kathmandu City. Katmandu Metropolitan city at a glance.
Solid Waste Management in Kathmandu City Ganesh Rai, Chief Executive Officer Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office Kathmandu, Nepal Date: 10 th February, 2010 Katmandu Metropolitan city at a glance Kathmandu
More informationSOURCE SEGREGATION & COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste to Energy Research & Technology Council WTERT (India) SOURCE SEGREGATION & COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT - A CASE STUDY FOR INDORE CITY By: Mr. Abhishek Kanojia Asst.
More informationWriting a Persuasive Essay
INTRODUCTION Attention-getter Background information Do Something Good for the Earth Garbage! It smells bad and looks disgusting. Most people think about trash only when they take it out. People in the
More informationHousehold waste & recycling storage requirements
South Gloucestershire Council Guidance for Developers on Household waste & recycling storage requirements INTRODUCTION As part of the Council s aim to improve the quality of life for residents as well
More informationPolicy and Regulations Faridabad (India)
Policy and Regulations Faridabad (2009) Policy and Regulations Faridabad (India) 1.1 Policies No specific regulations have been framed for addressing the management of plastic waste, and it is thus governed
More informationSource Reduction, on-site handling and processing of Solid waste. CE 431: Solid Waste Management
Source Reduction, on-site handling and processing of Solid waste CE 431: Solid Waste Management Functional Elements of Waste Management System Source Reduction/Waste Minimization First element of any waste
More informationReview of Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Nairobi, Kenya
Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science Vol.4, Issue 2(February 2014), PP 16-20 Issn(e): 2278-4721, Issn(p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com Review of Municipal Solid Waste
More informationDesign of a waste management model using integrated solid waste management: A case of Bulawayo City Council
International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Vol. 5(2), pp. 110-118, February 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ijwree DOI: 10.5897/IJWREE12.119 ISSN 1991-637X
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN SRI LANKA
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN SRI LANKA M J J Fernando Deputy Director General (Education and Awareness) Project Director Project for Construction of Sanitary Landfill Central
More informationWASTE AND RECYCLING COLLECTION POLICY
WASTE AND RECYCLING COLLECTION POLICY for Hambleton September 2015 Contents Introduction...1 Assisted Collections...2 Extra Waste...3 Putting Out Receptacles for Emptying...4 Containers (refuse, recycling
More informationWASTE STORAGE AND COLLECTION GUIDANCE FOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS
WASTE STORAGE AND COLLECTION GUIDANCE FOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 2 2 Planning Applications 3 3 Internal Segregation of Waste 3 4 Housing Developments 4 5 Apartment Developments 5-6
More informationA case study from Thailand. Dr. Alice SHARP Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat Univeristy
Waste to Energy: A case study from Thailand Dr. Alice SHARP Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat Univeristy Status of Waste and Waste Management Systems National Policy on Waste Management
More informationImproving Sustainability of Municipal Solid Waste Management in China by Source Separated Collection and Biological Treatment of the Organic Fraction
Improving Sustainability of Municipal Solid Waste Management in China by Source Separated Collection and Biological Treatment of the Organic Fraction Adrie Veeken 1,2, Pim Hamminga 1,3 and Zhang Mingshu
More informationConverting Waste Plastics into Fuel Report on Waste Quantification and Characterization for Bangkok Metropolitan Administration
Converting Waste Plastics into Fuel Report on Waste Quantification and Characterization for Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Prepared for United Nations Environment Program International Environmental
More informationWaste Collection Consultation. Frequently Asked Questions
Why are we consulting? Waste Collection Consultation Frequently Asked Questions The current Household Waste & Recycling collection service contract expires in 2017. The Council recognises the improvements
More informationWaste & Recycling. Planning Guidance on Waste & Recycling Storage and Collection. Development & Enterprise FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY.
Waste & Recycling Planning Guidance on Waste & Recycling Storage and Collection October 2011 Development & Enterprise FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Contents 01 Introduction 3 02 General guidelines 3 03 Individual
More informationWhere Garbage Goes. What Happens to Things We Throw Away?
North arolina Testing Program Where Garbage Goes Most of the things around you will be replaced or thrown away someday. Skates, clothes, the toaster, furniture they can break or wear out, or you may get
More informationRole Of Informal Solid Waste Management Sector And Possibilities Of Integration; The Case Of Amritsar City, India
Role Of Informal Solid Waste Management Sector And Possibilities Of Integration; The Case Of Amritsar City, India Kirandeep Sandhu Senior Lecturer, Guru Ramdas School of Planning Guru Nanak Dev University,
More informationCase-studies: TURIN (Italy)
FP6 - HOLIWAST Case-studies: TURIN (Italy) Enzo Favoino Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza Krakow 11,12 June 2007 Content & context 3 case-studies studies Fairly good geographical coverage Size: small to
More informationYour new improved recycling service
for South Lanarkshire Your new improved recycling service From July 2015 New calendar on reverse check your collection dates New food and garden waste collection What you can recycle Find out more inside
More informationHow to implement a Recycling Policy and begin the journey towards Zero Waste
How to implement a Recycling Policy and begin the journey towards Zero Waste CONTENTS: Objective and Timeline Gain Management Support Selecting a Recycling Coordinator Research Select Recyclers Set up
More informationSteps To A Successful School Recycling Program
Recycling In School Steps To A Successful School Recycling Program Environmental Specialist: Jill Adams County Administration Center 701 Main St. St. Joseph, MI 49085 269-983-7111 ext. 8234 Fax #: 269-982-8611
More informationThis document aims to inform developers and architects of Waste and Recycling Service requirements in the London Borough of Hounslow.
GUIDANCE FOR PLANNING APPLICATIONS: RECYCLING & NON RECYCLING PROVISION FOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN THE LONDON BOROUGH OF HOUNSLOW FOR RESIDENTIAL & COMMERCIAL SITES This document aims to inform developers
More informationEffective Municipal Solid Waste Management in India
7 Effective Municipal Solid Waste Management in India Sunil Kumar Scientist, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Kolkata
More informationSweden. Pal Martensson from the City of Goteborg Sweden. 9,4 million inhabitants. 450 000 km 2
Sweden Pal Martensson from the City of Goteborg Sweden. 9,4 million inhabitants 450 000 km 2 Goteborg a fast growing sustainable city Sweden s second city Scandinavia s largest port Car and truck industry
More informationWaste plastic Disposal: A grave problem
Waste plastic Disposal: A grave problem Mwayafu David, UCSD June 22, 2010 Waste is a man-made substance in a given time and places which in actual structure and state is not useful to the owner and/or
More informationR4R GUIDELINES FOR LOCAL AND REGIONAL AUTHORITIES
R4R GUIDELINES FOR LOCAL AND REGIONAL AUTHORITIES Helping cities and regions to improve their selective collection and recycling strategies November 2014 1. THE R4R PROJECT IN A NUTSHELL 1.1 The birth
More informationMunicipal Authorities Best Practice in Engaging. Packaging and Food Waste. March 2014
Municipal Authorities Best Practice in Engaging Communities on Packaging and Food Waste March 2014 European waste management hierarchy European Directive on Waste The Waste Directive 2008/98/EC marked
More informationLandfill ER Revenues versus Landfill Costs
Landfill ER Revenues versus Landfill Costs Sandra Cointreau Solid Waste Advisor, FEU/URB March 2008 scointreau@worldbank.org Determining landfill cost recovery with ER revenues involves 3 steps: Estimating
More informationLittle Drops of Water The Decentralized Path to Urban Renewal. Shyamala Mani, Anil Kumar* Amit Sardana, Abhijit Ray**
Little Drops of Water The Decentralized Path to Urban Renewal Shyamala Mani, Anil Kumar* Amit Sardana, Abhijit Ray** Most of today s cities produce enormous qualities of wastes that can pollute air, water
More informationBio 2106: Environmental Biology Lab 4: Landfills and Recycling Lab Requires:* Part A: 1-2 weeks Part B: several days. Introduction
Bio 2106: Environmental Biology Lab 4: Landfills and Recycling Lab Requires:* Part A: 1-2 weeks Part B: several days Introduction It is very easy to throw things away- a bottle or can, the wrapper from
More informationIntroduction to Waste Treatment Technologies. Contents. Household waste
Contents Introduction to waste treatment technologies 3 Section 1: The treatment of recyclable waste 4 Bulking facilities 5 Materials Reclamation Facility (MRF) 6 Reuse and recycling centres 8 Composting
More informationJapan s Recycling: More Efficient than U.S.A
Japan s Recycling: More Efficient than U.S.A John Olmsted Undergraduate Student, Packaging Engineering Abstract Recycling plays a major role in global society. Waste is a big issue and countries are struggling
More informationRECYCLING BOARD GAME
RECYCLING BOARD GAME INSTRUCTIONS/ RULES Choose three representatives of your countries and take the counter with the flag of your country. Put all the counters on the square marked START. Now, please
More informationHere s your rubbish and recycling guide
Here s your rubbish and recycling guide Why are we changing? It s time to see our waste for what it can be a valuable resource. Aucklanders are already great recyclers, sending more than 100,000 tonnes
More informationContaminated Soil in Gardens
Contaminated Soil in Gardens How to avoid the harmful effects EUR/ICP/LVNG 03 01 02(A) E64737 EUROPEAN HEALTH21 TARGET 11 HEALTHIER LIVING By the year 2015, people across society should have adopted healthier
More informationThis fact sheet provides an overview of options for managing solid
What Is Integrated Solid Waste Management? This fact sheet provides an overview of options for managing solid waste, identifies the important issues you should consider when planning for solid waste management,
More informationDalhousie University Waste Auditing History
Dalhousie University Waste Auditing History (2008-2011) DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF SUSTAINABILITY JUNE 2011 1 Special thanks to Office of Sustainability, Facilities Management, and the Eco-Efficiency
More informationGet Ready For The One Tonne Action Challenge!
Get Ready For The One Tonne Action Challenge! Read through the four elements of the one-tonne challenge - making a difference is easier than you think!! Watt's It All About? As our demand for electricity
More informationMaterial bulk densities
Summary Report densities This document provides bulk data for commonly collected material streams, taking into account container types and how the materials are collected (vehicle types). It provides data
More informationChoosing the right recycling collection system
Choosing the right recycling collection system WRAP s role in relation to the design of recycling systems is to help practitioners by gathering and sharing knowledge and understanding about the relevant
More informationSanitation Pilot: Overview, FAQ and Mission Critical Path April 16, 2014
Sanitation Pilot Overview DeKalb County s 3 month Sanitation Pilot will begin April 28, 2014. The Sanitation Pilot is designed to test consolidating collections of all materials to one day per week. Items
More informationat a disposal site for which a permit has been issued; or
Version 1/19 June 2000 INTERPRETATION OF THE DEFINITION OF DISPOSAL SITES WITH REGARD TO THE ISSUING OF PERMITS FOR WASTE INCINERATORS, WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES AND OTHER ALTERNATIVE WASTE DISPOSAL
More informationTHE PRICE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES IN VERMONT
THE PRICE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES IN VERMONT 2005 Overview of Survey Results FINAL REPORT July 2005 Prepared for: Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation Solid Waste Program 103 South
More informationTHE SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO
THE SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO The search for environmental and economic sustainability with social responsibility José Henrique Penido Monteiro COMLURB Cia. Municipal de
More informationFERN [Food Establishments Recycling Nutrients] FERN facilitates composting and recycling of restaurant waste
FERN Food Establishments Recycling Nutrients UN ESCWA Regional Mapping and Policy Guidelines of Green Productive Sectors in the Arab Region FERN facilitates composting and recycling of restaurant waste
More informationQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT AUTOMATED COLLECTION
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT AUTOMATED COLLECTION March, 2009 1. Q. What is automated collection? A. Automated collection is a system where garbage, recycling, and yard waste carts are emptied using a mechanical
More informationUrban Environmental Management in Singapore. Jothieswaran P Chief Engineer Pollution Control Department National Environment Agency
Urban Environmental Management in Singapore Jothieswaran P Chief Engineer Pollution Control Department National Environment Agency Introduction City state comprising a main island and some islets Land
More informationBiomass Supply Chains in South Hampshire
Biomass Supply Chains in South Hampshire 1 Executive Summary This report provides an analysis of how biomass supply chains could be developed within the area covered by the Partnership for Urban South
More informationDid you know that. 5. The average UK family throws away 6 trees worth of paper in their household bin a year.
20 Facts bout Waste and Recycling Did you know that 1. The UK produces more than 100 million tonnes of waste every year, one tonne is about the weight of a small car. n less than two hours, the waste we
More informationHow To Write A Council Policy On Collection And Recycling
Durham County Council Refuse and Recycling Collection Policy Neighbourhood Services, September 2011 Contents Introduction 3 Policy 1: Assisted collections 4 Policy 2: No side waste 5 a) No side waste (refuse)
More informationPolicy measures for the prevention and minimization of hazardous wastes
WASTE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRESS AND ACHEIVEMENTS Policy measures for the prevention and minimization of hazardous wastes 1. At the international level, Mongolia joined The Basel Convention on the Control
More informationBetter Recycling - Less Waste Your Sustainable Campus Initiative
Better Recycling - Less Waste Your Sustainable Campus Initiative Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): Why change the way we manage waste? Why have individual desk bins been removed? What if I don t have
More informationWORKSHOP ON CHALLENGES OF URBANISATION IN INDIA WITH FOCUS ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
WORKSHOP ON CHALLENGES OF URBANISATION IN INDIA WITH FOCUS ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT VENUE: ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE,GUWAHATI ASSAM-29 th & 30 th APRIL 2013 BY Dr. MILIND RAMTEKE, IAS CHIEF EXECUTIVE
More informationClimate Change and Sri Lanka. Ajith Silva Director/ Policy and Planning Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Sri Lanka
Climate Change and Sri Lanka Ajith Silva Director/ Policy and Planning Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Sri Lanka Asia Total Area: 65610 Km Land Area : 62705 Km Inland water : 2905 Km 2 Coastal
More informationCrossword Puzzle. Down. Across. Protecting the Environment Today...for a Better Tomorrow. Fredericton Region Solid Waste Commission
Crossword Puzzle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1. 3. 5. 9. 11. Across These heavy-duty vehicles collect recyclables from our homes. When materials are made into new products, they are. These kinds
More informationWisconsin Statewide Waste Characterization Study
Wisconsin Statewide Waste Characterization Study Final Report May 2003 Prepared by: Cascadia Consulting Group, Inc. With assistance from: R.W. Beck GRG Analysis Acknowledgments The consultant team would
More informationSUP07-6: Shenandoah Waste Services, LLC Special Use Permit Application for A Materials Recovery Center in a M1 (Industrial) Zoning District
SUP07-6: Special Use Permit Application for A Materials Recovery Center in a M1 (Industrial) Zoning District Location and Proposed Use The subject 33.76 acre parcel (Tax Map # 42A5 (A) 79) is located on
More informationCONTENTS. Visit us at reduceyourwaste.ca for more
CONTENTS IMPORTANCE OF SORTING...1 Benefits for your community............................................... 1 The impact of not sorting...1 Financial benefit...1 TENANT RESPONSIBILITIES....2 Where and
More informationSeptember 25, 2014. Christopher Flynn, Chairman c/o No on Question 2: Stop Forced Deposits P.O. Box 290786 Charlestown, MA 02129
September 25, 2014 Christopher Flynn, Chairman c/o No on Question 2: Stop Forced Deposits P.O. Box 290786 Charlestown, MA 02129 Re: Recovery Rate Sorting, Massachusetts Dear Chris: DSM Environmental Services,
More informationPrivate Sector Participation in Solid Waste Management in Kathmandu
Private Sector Participation in Solid Waste Management in Kathmandu 1.1 Overview of Kathmandu Chief, Solid Waste Management Kathmandu Metropolitan City September 19, 2002 Rajesh Manandhar Kathmandu Valley,
More informationSort it! Bag it! Tote it! Recycle it!
Sort it! Bag it! Tote it! Recycle it! CA RD BOA RD / BOXBOARD Recycling guidelines for property owners, managers, and superintendents for multi-residential properties DURHAM REGION WORKS DEPARTMENT WASTE
More informationDEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATE OF WASTE SECTOR
WASTE MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATE OF WASTE SECTOR Municipal Waste In accordance with Law on Environment, Solid Waste Management Regulation, Metropolitan Municipalities Law and Municipal Law;
More informationStore Recycling Guidelines
Store Recycling Guidelines Table of Contents Sustainability at Wegmans... 1 Getting Started:... 2 What We Measure... 4 The Hierarchy of Food Recycling... 5 What Can Be Recycled Simplification Approved
More informationHow To Conduct An Environmental Impact Assessment
Proposed Terms of Reference for EIA studies 1. Introduction The proposed expansion of Bulk Drugs & Intermediates manufacturing unit by M/s. Sri Krishna Pharmaceuticals Limited (Unit V). is located at Plot
More informationSolid Waste Management Holistic Decision Modeling
Solid Waste Management Holistic Decision Modeling Progress of the Study February 26, 2007 at the World Bank Shungo SOEDA NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD 1 Contents Goal of Study Field Work for Data Collection Progress
More informationOUR WATER, OUR LIFE Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
OUR WATER, OUR LIFE Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU) Our planet of water We are all living on this planet, Earth. Do you see the blue part? That's all water. See, almost 3/4 of our planet
More informationCity of Toronto Waste Audits Presented to Residual Waste Working Group
City of Toronto Waste Audits Presented to Residual Waste Working Group City of Toronto Solid Waste Management Services Policy & Planning Irene Ford Monday February 11 th, 2008 Outline Waste Audits Conducted
More informationMEMORANDUM 1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHODS FOR FINANCING AND WASTE FLOW MANAGEMENT. John Sedley. Russ Smith, Anke Bergner, Capital Regional District
MEMORANDUM TO: Russ Smith, Anke Bergner, Capital Regional District cc. John Sedley FROM: Konrad Fichtner, P.Eng. FOR INFO OF: PLEASE RESPOND BY: PROJECT No.: 5130323 00 RE: Solid Waste System Financing
More informationWASTE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION YOUR GUIDE TO RESIDENTIAL WASTE COLLECTION IN GAWLER
WASTE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION YOUR GUIDE TO RESIDENTIAL WASTE COLLECTION IN GAWLER The Northern Adelaide Waste Management Authority (NAWMA) is a regional subsidiary of the Cities of Playford and Salisbury
More informationCity of Cardiff Council Commercial Waste Service
City of Cardiff Council Commercial Waste Service Don t throw your money away. Reduce waste. REDUCE - REUSE - RECYCLE - 02920 717501 CONTENTS 1) Introduction... Page 1 2) Our services... Page 2 2a) Waste
More informationWaste & Recycling Assessment and Audit. Congratulations on completing Step 1 by forming your Green Team!
. Seattle Public Schools can use this editable document as your Assessment. You'll see that many of the answers have already been filled in for you! School Name: Date: Conducted By: Congratulations on
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Bottled water offers consumers a clean, portable supply of drinking water for consumption at home or away from home. Some disposable water bottles are recyclable, and lightweighting
More informationWaste Management in Vietnam Potential for power generation
Waste Management in Vietnam Potential for power generation Nguyen Thanh Lam Head of non-hazardous waste management division Waste Management and Environment Improvement Department www.renewables-made-in-germany.com
More informationFACTS ABOUT: Recycling MONTGOMERY COUNTY RECYCLING
Maryland Department of the Environment FACTS ABOUT: Recycling MONTGOMERY COUNTY RECYCLING Coordinator/Staff Eileen Kao, Chief, Waste Reduction and Recycling Section Alan Pultyniewicz, Recycling Coordinator
More informationClimate Action Revenue Incentive (CARIP) Public Report for 2013
March 6, 2013 Climate Revenue Incentive Plan (CARIP) Public Report Climate Revenue Incentive (CARIP) Public Report for 2013 City of Quesnel Reported by: Tanya Turner tturner@quesnel.ca Contents General
More informationLevel 2 6.4 Lesson Plan Session 1
Session 1 Materials Materials provided: image of 3R symbol; 4 environment images; Word Map; homework puzzle. Suggested additional materials: examples of compostable and non-compostable waste, i.e., apple
More informationIntegrated Solid Waste Management Oran, Algeria. Program Overview by R20 Regions of Climate Action
Integrated Solid Waste Management Oran, Algeria Program Overview by R20 Regions of Climate Action A PROGRAM BY Under the leadership of the Algerian Ministry of Environment and Land Planning, R20 Regions
More informationORDINANCE NO. 3 OF 2009
PENN TOWNSHIP CUMBERLAND COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS 1301 Centerville Road Tel: 717-486-3104 Newville, PA 17241 Fax: 717-486-3522 Email: penntwp@kuhncom.net Website: www.penntwpcc.org ORDINANCE NO. 3 OF
More informationTrivia Game (Print double-sided for cards with answers on the back)
Trivia Game (Print double-sided for cards with answers on the back) 2 3 Landfills/Disposal: Landfills/Disposal Which item takes up most of our garbage out of these three options? A. Diapers. B. Plastic
More informationIWR Integrated Waste Recycling. Integrated System for treatment and recycling of Municipal Solid Waste
IWR Integrated Waste Recycling Integrated System for treatment and recycling of Municipal Solid Waste 1 1. Introduction IWR is an integrated system, realised by different Italian companies, manufacturers
More informationWaste Management. GUIDANCE NOTES FOR DEVELOPERS AND LANDLORDS ON THE STORAGE & COLLECTION OF DOMESTIC REFUSE AND RECYCLING (December 2012)
Waste Management GUIDANCE NOTES FOR DEVELOPERS AND LANDLORDS ON THE STORAGE & COLLECTION OF DOMESTIC REFUSE AND RECYCLING (December 2012) 1. Introduction The aim of this guide is to inform developers of
More informationBusiness Recycling. Prepared by Charmaine Johnson, Rusk County Recycling Coordinator
Business Recycling Prepared by Charmaine Johnson, Rusk County Recycling Coordinator Roles of Recycling Coordinator Administer the recycling programs for our RU (Responsible Unit) including 11 residential
More informationMunicipal Services Statement Rate and Fee Information
Municipal Services Statement Rate and Fee Information New Accounts All new municipal services accounts will receive their first full bill after the regularly scheduled meter reading is completed. All accounts
More information326 H. I. JIMOH. Aims and Objectives of the Study
Kamla-Raj 2008 J. Hum. Ecol., 23(4): 325-329 (2008) Drainage Problems in a Tropical Environment: Perspectives on Urban Quality Management H. I. Jimoh Department of Geography, University of Ilorin, Ilorin,
More informationTHE CORPORATION OF DELTA "DELTA GARBAGE COLLECTION & REGULATION BYLAW NO. 4273, 1988"
THE CORPORATION OF DELTA "DELTA GARBAGE COLLECTION & REGULATION BYLAW NO. 4273, 1988" A consolidation of Bylaw No. 4273 incorporating amendments pursuant to Bylaws No. 4462, 5613, 5708, 6236, 6642, 6824,
More informationWaste Management Practices among Counter Service Restaurants in Batangas City, Philippines
Waste Management Practices among Counter Service Restaurants in Batangas City, Philippines Billy T. Festijo and Nomer Yuzon College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management, Lyceum of the Philippines
More informationBIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT Facilitator: Dr. NAVPREET Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine Govt. Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh. Specific Learning Objectives At the end of session,
More informationGround Water Contamination by Leachate
Ground Water Contamination by Leachate Manoj P. Wagh, Piyush K. Bhandari, Swapnil Kurhade Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, P. D. V. V. P. College of Engineering, Ahmednagar, India.
More informationAGRICULTURAL WASTE REDUCTION
AGRICULTURAL WASTE REDUCTION Thurston County Solid Waste Waste reduction, the combination of waste prevention and recycling efforts, makes good financial sense. In addition to financial advantages, waste
More informationWASTE STORAGE AND COLLECTION
BASSETLAW DISTRICT COUNCIL ENVIRONMENT SERVICES GUIDANCE FOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS WASTE STORAGE AND COLLECTION IN BASSETLAW 26 October 2011 PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT This guidance document is intended to aid
More informationSource Specific Quantification and Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste a Review
Source Specific Quantification and Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste a Review V Gawaikar, Non-member Dr V P Deshpande, Fellow Municipal agencies manage municipal solid wastes from urban areas with
More informationwww.movenpick.com Sustainability environment protection.
www.movenpick.com Sustainability environment protection. Sustainability environment protection. The lodging industry consumes huge amounts of resources worldwide and it is our objective to limit our impact
More informationWaste Management. Sunny Mistry. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Solid and Hazardous Waste Prevention and Control Engineering. Spring 2014 MANE-6960
Waste Management Sunny Mistry Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Solid and Hazardous Waste Prevention and Control Engineering Spring 2014 MANE-6960 Introduction: Modern waste management strategies have been
More informationISLE OF ANGLESEY COUNTY COUNCIL WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTION HOUSEHOLD WASTE COLLECTION POLICY
ISLE OF ANGLESEY COUNTY COUNCIL WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTION HOUSEHOLD WASTE COLLECTION POLICY 21 January 2011 CONTENTS Page Number 1.0 Legislation 3 2.0 Waste Collection Eligibility 3 3.0 Collection Frequency
More informationSupplementary Guidance Stiùireadh Leasachail. Managing Waste in New Developments A Stiùireadh Sgudal ann an Leasachaidhean Ùra
Supplementary Guidance Stiùireadh Leasachail Managing Waste in New Developments A Stiùireadh Sgudal ann an Leasachaidhean Ùra March 2013 Managing Waste in New Developments Supplementary Guidance Contents
More informationHAMILTON COUNTY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES. Solid Waste Transfer Station Refuse Disposal & Recycling Site Rules and Regulations
HAMILTON COUNTY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Solid Waste Transfer Station Refuse Disposal & Recycling Site Rules and Regulations HAMILTON COUNTY MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Lake Pleasant Transfer Station
More information