Grammar Covered in this Document (explanations follow below)

Transcription

1 Unit: Market Grammar Please note: These activities are designed to supplement your Quechua learning. The grammatical descriptions are not meant to be comprehensive. The vocabulary and grammar covered relate directly to the audio activities. Grammar Covered in this Document (explanations follow below) Verbs Present tense (Lessons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Progressive tense (Lessons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Future tense (Lessons 2, 3, 4, 5) Imperative tense (Lessons 2, 3, 4) Conditional tense (Lessons 3, 4, 5) Grammatical Elements - cha - paq - lla - pi - kuna - ta - man - wan - manta Possessive Interrogatives Interrogative words Chu for yes/no questions Taq/ri Affirmative/Negative Responses List Ima Pronounciation When speaking Quechua, the emphasized syllable is the second to last one. example: ño- qan- chis 1

2 Present Tense Verbs Verb Wayk uy Verb Ending Conjugation English Español (To Cook, Cocinar) Ñoqa - ni Wayk uni I cook Yo cocino Ñoqayku - yku Wayk uyku We cook (exclusive) Nosotros cocinamos (exclusivo) Ñoqanchis - nchis Wayk unchis We cook (inclusive) Nosotros cocinamos (inclusivo) Qan - nki Wayk unki You cook Tú cocinas Qankuna - nkichis Wayk unkichis You cook (plural) Uds. cocinan Pay - n Wayk un S/he cooks Él/Ella cocina Paykuna - nku Wayk unku They cook Ellos/Ellas cocinan Present Progressive Tense Verbs The present progressive tense is basically the same as the present tense including the verb endings, but it contains another element: the sha right before the verb ending. The present progressive tense is used to refer to actions that are in progress. Verb Llank ay Verb Ending Conjugation English Español (To Work, Trabajar) Ñoqa - sha + - ni Llank ashani I am working Yo estoy trabajando Ñoqayku - sha + - yku Llank ashayku We are working (exclusive) Ñoqanchis - sha + - nchis Llank ashanchis We are working (inclusive) Nosotros estamos trabajando (exclusivo) Nosotros estamos trabajando (inclusivo) Qan - sha + - nki Llank ashanki You are working Tú estás trabajando Qankuna - sha + - nkichis Llank ashankichis You are working (plural) Uds. están trabajando Pay - sha + - n Llank ashan S/he is working Él/Ella está trabajando Paykuna - sha + - nku Llank ashanku They are working Ellos/Ellas están trabajando Note: Similar to the difference between ser and estar in Spanish, Quechua uses two forms of to be. Kay functions similarly to ser, which denotes a more permanent state of being. Therefore, Ñoqa kani Ana means I am Ana, or Yo soy Ana. Inserting the progressive sha into the verb kay makes the verb kashay, which functions similarly to estar and denotes a more temporary state of being. Therefore, Ñoqa kashani kaypi means I am here, or Yo estoy aquí. 2

3 Future Tense Verbs Verb - Rimay Verb Ending Conjugation English Español (To Talk, Hablar) Ñoqa - saq Rimasaq I talk Yo hablo Ñoqayku - saqku Rimasaqku We talk (exclusive) Nosotros hablamos (exclusivo) Ñoqanchis - sun Rimasun You and I talk Tú y yo hablamos - sunchis Rimasunchis We talk (inclusive) Nosotros hablamos (inclusivo) Qan - nki Rimanki You talk Tú hablas Qankuna - nkichis Rimankichis You talk (plural) Uds. hablan Pay - nqa Rimanqa S/he talks Él/Ella habla Paykuna - nqaku Rimanqaku They talk Ellos/Ellas hablan Imperative Tense Verbs Verb - Riy (To Go, Ir) Verb Ending Conjugation English Español Ñoqanchis - na - nachis Rina Rinachis Let s go (you and I) Let s go (inclusive) Vayamos (tú y yo)! Vayamos nosotros! Qan - y Riy You go! Tú ve! Qankuna - ychis Riychis You go! (plural) Uds. Vayan! Pay - chun Richun S/he go! Él/Ella va! Paykuna - chunku Richunku They go! Ellos/Ellas van! 3

4 Conditional Tense Verbs Verb - Riy (To Go, Ir) Verb Ending Conjugation English Español Ñoqa - yman Riyman I would go Yo iría Ñoqayku - ykuman Riykuman We would go (exclusive) Ñoqanchis - sunman Risunman We would go (inclusive) Qan - waq - nkiman Riwaq Rinkiman You would go Qankuna - waqchis Riwaqchis You all would go (plural) Nosotros iríamos (exclusivo) Tú y yo iríamos Tú irías Uds. irían Pay - nman Rinman S/he would go Él/Ella iría Paykuna - nkuman Rinkuman They would go Ellos/Ellas irían Suffixes and Grammatical Elements - cha - cha is added to the end of nouns but placed before other suffixes as an affectionate diminutive example: Urpi = bird. Urpicha = Birdie, Pajarito When used on a name it denotes love and affection: Ana (person s name) becomes Anacha - lla - lla is added onto the end of any part of speech before other suffixes in order to (1) signify the limitedness of that word (only) Qanlla rinki = Only you go (alone) Sólo tú vas. (2) signify affection Imaynalla kashanki? = How are you? (sweet and politely) Cómo estás? - kuna - kuna is a pluralizor. Added to the end of a noun, it denotes more than one (plural quantity) example: Urpikuna = Birds, Pájaros 4

5 - man - man added to the end of nouns (usually places) expresses destination and translates to to example: Peruman rini = I go to Peru. Voy al Peru. - manta - manta added to the end of nouns (usually places, sometimes people) expresses origin and translates to from examples: Maymanta kanki? = Where are you from? De dónde eres? Perumanta kani = I am from Peru. Soy de Peru. Anamanta kan t ikakuna = The flowers are from Ana. Las flores son de Ana. - paq - paq added to the end of nouns expresses the reason for doing something and translates to for example: Qhatuman rini papakunapaq = I go to the market for potatoes. Voy al mercado para papas. - pi - pi added to the end of nouns performs a locative function and translates to in examples: Kaypi = (In) Here. (en) Aquí Wasi = house. Wasipi = In the house. En la casa - ta - ta is added to the end of nouns and verbs to mark direct objects examples: Kayta munani = I want this. Yo quiero esto. Rantiyta rinki = You go to buy. Tú vas a comprar. - wan - wan added to the end of nouns (usually people) to signify accompaniment and translates to with example: Rini Carloswan = I go with Carlos. Voy con Carlos. 5

6 Possessives The possessive suffixes are added onto nouns and are different for each subject. Noun - Wasi (House, Casa) Possessive Ending Conjugation English Español Ñoqa - y Wasiy My house Mi casa Ñoqayku - yku Wasiyku Our house (exclusive) Ñoqanchis - nchis Wasinchis Our house (inclusive) Nuestra casa (exclusivo) Our house (inclusivo) Qan - yki Wasiyki Your house Tu casa/su casa (Ud.) Qankuna - ykichis Wasiykichis Your house (plural) Su casa (Uds.) Pay - n Wasin His/her house Su casa (él/ella) Paykuna - nku Wasinku Their house Su casa (ellos) Interrogatives Interrogative words Runa Simi/Quechua English Español Ima? What? Qué? Imayna? How? Cómo? May? Where? Dónde? Mayqen? Which? Cuál? Hayk a? How many? Cuánto? Hayk aq? When? Cuándo? - chu The suffix chu is used in several ways. 1) First it can be added onto any word in a statement to make it a yes/no question in the absense of an interrogative word. example: Munankichu riyta? Do you want to go? Quieres ir? 6

7 2) Secondly, it is necessary to use in any negative statement, coupled with a negative adverb (mana, ama, ni). The word mana stands alone, while the suffix chu is added onto the word with the negative meaning. example: Mana munanichu riyta = I don t wan t to go. Yo no quiero ir 3) - taq/- rí - taq added to the end of an interrogative word with ri added to the verb or object noun performs an interrogative function. examples: Pitaq kankirí? And who are you? Y, Quién eres tú? Imaynataq kankirí? And how are you? Y Cómo estás tú? In the absence of an interrogative word, - rí can be added to the end of a word to perform an interrogative function and translating to and. example: Qanrí? And you? Y tú? Affirmative/Negative Responses Affirmative response To answer a yes/no question in the affirmative, you must answer yes with the word arí, and then add a particular suffix onto the word given the chu from the original question. This ending is n for words ending in vowels and mi for words ending in consonants. examples: Riyta munankichu? Do you want to go? Quieres ir? Arí, riyta munanin. Yes, I want to go. Sí, quiero ir. Carloschu kanki? Are you Carlos? Eres Carlos? Arí, Carlosmi kani. Yes, I am Carlos. Sí, soy Carlos. Negative response To answer a yes/no question in the negative, you must answer no with the word mana, and then repeat the negative construction using chu. examples: Riyta munankichu? Do you want to go? Quieres ir? Mana. Mana riyta munanichu. No. I don t want to go. No. No quiero ir. Lists ima The word ima is added onto the end of a list. example: Ñoqa munani papata, sarata ima. I want potato and corn. Yo quiero papa y maíz. 7